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T Kujawska

Publications and source records attributed to T Kujawska.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Nonlinear native propagation effects of diagnostic ultrasound computed and measured in blood.

Nonlinear propagation effects produced by focused pulses in blood were measured over a 20-cm range, being inspired by diagnostic applications in cardiology. The initial and maximum pressures applied during measurements in blood were equal to 0.40 MPa(pp) and 0.76 MPa(pp), while the pressure estimated at the patient body surface equalled 0.70 MPa(pp). Measurements of the frequency characteristic and the linearity of the ultrasonic probe used in experiments were performed in water. A numerical procedure developed previously was applied in blood to calculate the pressure distribution of its first and second harmonics along the beam axis. The comparison of numerical and measured distributions in blood at a temperature of 37 degrees C showed rather good agreement. Using numerical methods, a proportional growth of the second harmonic with the increased applied initial pressure was first observed, and finally the maximum limiting effect was found. In this way, much higher level of harmonics could be obtained. However, there arise the questions of the transmitting system construction and of the nonuniform resolution in the case of harmonic imaging when increasing the applied initial pressure.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1999

Temperature elevations computed for three-layer and four-layer obstetrical tissue models in nonlinear and linear ultrasonic propagation cases.

The authors computed temperature elevations in a three-layer and a four-layer tissue model, assuming the crucial obstetrical case when the ultrasonic pulse propagating through the abdominal wall and the fluid-filled bladder penetrates into soft fetal tissues. To consider nonlinear propagation, the authors applied a new theory of nonlinear increase of absorption recently developed by the first author. Computations were carried out for pulses with a carrier frequency of 3 MHz, duration time of 1.33 micros, and pulse repetition frequency of 3.3 kHz. Similar computations were carried out for a four-layer tissue model corresponding to the third trimester of gestation. The ceramic piezoelectric transducer 2 cm in diameter radiated the ultrasonic beam focused at a distance of 6.5 cm. The intensities at the radiating transducer (at the source) were I(SAPA) = 10 and 5 W/cm2. Temperature elevations and distributions were determined numerically for various values of low-amplitude absorption coefficients assumed to be the same as attenuation coefficients. It was shown in the three-layer tissue model that the maximum temperature elevation can be about 50% higher for nonlinear than for linear propagation. The maximum fetal temperature elevation in this case was 2.36 degrees C for nonlinear and 1.84 degrees C for linear propagation. The temperature elevation in the abdominal wall was lower than those temperatures when the attenuation of the abdominal wall was assumed to be a low value of 0.05 Np/cm.MHz (0.45 dB/cm.MHz). However, when it was increased to 0.16 Np/cm.MHz (1.4 dB/cm.MHz), the temperature elevation of the abdominal wall reached 3.2 degrees C and the maximum fetal elevation was 1.65 degrees C. In such cases, the abdominal wall became the principal source of heat production. In this case, the difference between fetal temperature elevations for nonlinear and linear propagation was only about 10%. The results obtained in the four-layer tissue model, in which the uterus tissue also was represented, show that temperature elevations in this case are about 3.6 times lower than in the three-layer tissue model, with comparable attenuation of the abdominal wall. Differences between nonlinear and linear propagation in the four-layer tissue model are negligible. The temperature elevations obtained were proportional to the pulse repetition frequency, without changing temperature distributions in the ultrasonic beam. In this manner, fetal temperature elevations can be reduced by reducing the repetition frequency.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1999

Nonlinear and linear propagation of diagnostic ultrasound pulses.

The effect of nonlinear propagation in fluid followed by soft tissue was studied both theoretically and experimentally for a most crucial case in obstetrical ultrasonography. For this purpose, short pressure pulses, with the duration time of 1.3 micros and a carrier frequency of 3 MHz, radiated by a concave transducer into water, with maximum intensities up to the value of 18 W/cm2, were computed and measured. The ultrasonic beam had the physical focus at the distance of 6.5 cm, where the highest focal intensity of I(SPPA) = 242 W/cm2 was obtained. In front of the transducer, at a distance of 7 cm, artificial tissue samples prepared on the basis of ground porcine kidney, with a thickness of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 cm, were placed in water. Pressure pulses and their spectral components were produced numerically and measured by means of a PVDF hydrophone in water before and after penetrating the tissue samples. The theoretical analysis and measurements were carried out, in every case, for two signal levels: for a high level assuring nonlinear propagation and for a low one where conditions of linear propagation were fulfilled. In this way, it was possible to compare directly the effects of nonlinear and linear propagation, in every case showing a good conformity of theoretical values with measured ones. A method of determination of the effective frequency response of the hydrophone was elaborated to enable quantitative comparisons of numerical and experimental results. The theoretical part of our study was based on a paper of Wójcik (1998), enabling us to compute the characteristic function of nonlinear increase of absorption. An agreement of up to 10% was obtained when comparing theoretical and measured values of these functions in the investigated beam in water and behind tissue samples. The results obtained showed that the recently given theory of nonlinear absorption, based on the spectral analysis and the elaborated numerical procedures, may be useful in various practical ultrasonic medical problems and also in technological applications.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Electromagnetic hydrophone for pressure determination of shock wave pulses.

An electromagnetic hydrophone has been designed and tested to determine its ability to measure shock wave pulses similar to those produced by lithotripter machines. The principle of operation of the hydrophone, its design and performance are described. The hydrophone was exposed to 4000 shots and peak compressional pressures on the order of 30 MPa without any deleterious effects of its performance and operation. The hydrophone can be calibrated directly by measurement of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and voltage induced in the electrical conductor. While the spatial resolution of the electromagnetic hydrophone is limited by the length of the vibrating conductor and was determined to be 5 mm, it can be improved. The overall bandwidth of the hydrophone, including its integral preamplifier, had to be limited to 17 MHz; however, the hydrophone appears to reproduce correctly the general shape of the propagating shock wave pulse. The influence of the hydrophone's bandwidth on the measured pulse shape and its amplitude is analysed, and it is shown that it affects rise time and peak compressional pressure. However, no deteriorating influence was observed in reproduction of peak rarefactional pressure.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1996

Amplitude, isobar and grey-scale imaging of ultrasonic shadows behind rigid, elastic and gaseous spheres.

The theory of wave reflection from spherical obstacles was applied for determination of the cause of the shadow created by plane wave pulses incident on rigid, steel, gaseous spheres and on spheres made of kidney stones. The spheres were immersed in water which was assumed to be a tissue-like medium. Acoustic pressure distributions behind the spheres with the radii of 1 mm, 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm were determined at the frequency of 5 MHz. The use of the exact wave theory enabled us to take into account the diffraction effects. The computed pressure distributions were verified experimentally at the frequency of 5 MHz for a steel sphere with a 2.5-mm radius. The experimental and theoretical pulses were composed of about three ultrasonic frequency periods. Acoustic pressure distributions in the shadow zone of all spheres were shown in the amplitude axonometric projection, in the grey scale and also as acoustic isobar patterns. Our analysis confirmed existing simpler descriptions of the shadow from the point of view of reflection and refraction effects; however, our approach is more general, also including diffraction effects and assuming the pulse mode. The analysis has shown that gaseous spherical inclusions caused shadows with very high dynamics of acoustic pressures that were about 15 dB higher in relation to all the other spheres. The shadow length, determined as the length at which one observes a 6-dB drop of the acoustic pressure, followed the relation r-6dB = 3.7a2/lambda with the accuracy of about 20% independent of the sphere type. lambda denotes the wavelength and a the sphere radius. Thus, a theoretical possibility of differentiating between gaseous and other inclusions and of estimation of the inclusion size in the millimeter range from the shadow was shown. The influence of the frequency-dependent attenuation on the shadow will be considered in the next study.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1993

Temperature elevation in focused Gaussian ultrasonic beams at various insonation times.

Transient solution of the thermal conductivity equation for the three-dimensional case of the Gaussian ultrasonic focused beam was derived and applied for cases relevant to medical ultrasonography. Quantitative results for the case of a homogeneous medium with constant values of thermal coefficients and constant absorption as well as for the two-layer tissue model used in obstetrics were presented for various diagnostic probes used in ultrasonography. The possible effects of perfusion and nonlinear propagation were neglected. The results obtained are in agreement with results of other authors when considering the steady-state and the infinitely short insonation time. The computations show the influence of the insonation time on the temperature elevation, thus making it possible to introduce its value as a factor in limiting the possible harmful effects in ultrasonography. This has been shown in diagrams presenting the temperature distribution along the beam axis of 6 different diagnostic probes for various insonation times and demonstrating the corresponding temperature decrease when limiting the insonation time to 5 and 1 min. For instance, the highest temperature elevation (for probe number 1, see Table 1) decreases 2.6 and 5 times with respect to the steady-state temperature when the insonation time equals 5 and 1 min, respectively.

Absorption↗