Peritonitis in automated peritoneal dialysis: antibiotic therapy and pharmacokinetics.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Biomedical subjects
T L Crawford
Publications and source records attributed to T L Crawford.
Peritonitis and antibiotic therapy in patients on cycler peritoneal dialysis--an update.
The increased use of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) and the inherent differences between continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and APD have generated interest in the treatment of peritonitis in cycler patients. This review considers variations in the incidence of peritonitis and in its microbiological spectrum among CAPD and APD patients, and discusses the potential causes for these variations, with emphasis on recent literature. Flow-pattern variances between CAPD and APD demand special considerations in the diagnosis of peritonitis. Multiple alternatives for the management of peritonitis in APD are discussed in light of recent clinical experiences and pharmacokinetic considerations.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Peritoneal dialysis adequacy: a model to assess feasibility with various modalities.
BACKGROUND: The current standard of adequacy for peritoneal dialysis (PD) is to provide a weekly normalized urea clearance (Kt/V) of 2.0 or more and a creatinine clearance (CCr) of 60 liter/1.73 m2 or more. As native renal function is lost, it is important to determine the effectiveness of the available therapeutic modalities in achieving these goals. METHODS: A model to assess our ability to provide a weekly Kt/Vurea of 2.0 or more and a CCr of 60 liter/1.73 m2 or more to anuric patients undergoing continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) and automated PD (PD Plus) was developed. The body surface area (BSA) distribution was obtained from 38,768 patients undergoing dialysis during January 1997. The distribution of peritoneal transport rates (PTRs) was obtained from 2531 peritoneal equilibration tests performed during 1996. The weekly Kpt/Vurea was calculated for the various PTR groups and the range of BSA with four PD prescriptions: CAPD 8 liters, CAPD 10 liters, PD Plus 12 liters, and PD Plus 15 liters, using a previously validated kinetic program (PackPD). RESULTS: The predicted percentage of patients capable of achieving the adequacy goals for Kt/V and CCr, respectively, were 24.8 and 11. 2 for CAPD 8 liters, 54.2 and 33.0 for CAPD 10 liters, 77.8 and 54.9 for PD Plus 12 liters, and 93.2 and 72.9 for PD Plus 15 liters. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients can attain the current adequacy standards of therapy with automated PD, but few (less than 25%) can do so with standard CAPD in the absence of residual renal function.
Anuria↗
Single-pass continuous flow peritoneal dialysis using two catheters.
With a renewed interest in continuous flow peritoneal dialysis (CFPD), our standard practice of implanting a second catheter in those patients facing access failure provided us the opportunity to perform acute studies on CFPD in these patients, since it temporarily provided us with two catheters. Four patients were studied, with a total of five studies performed. A standard protocol was followed utilizing 1.5% dextrose solution, a 2 L fill, an inflow rate of 200 ml/min with a proportionate outflow for a 4-hour session. A full drain was performed at the end of the study. Our results provided us with a mean effective peritoneal clearance for urea (KpeU) and creatinine (KpeCr) of 40 ml/min and 28 ml/min, respectively, and a mean ultrafiltration rate (Qf) of 13.4 ml/min. Our average mass transfer coefficient (MTC) for urea was 40 ml/min, consistent with kinetic modeling and historical data. The Kpe, MTC, and Qf achieved are significantly higher than other investigators, which could possibly be explained by those obtained by two separate catheters resulting in adequate mixing of the dialysate. These clinical results provide a solid foundation for the future development of this PD modality.
Catheterization↗