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Biomedical subjects

T Laine

Publications and source records attributed to T Laine.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Occlusion in 47,XXY (Klinefelter syndrome) men.

Occlusal morphology of permanent dentitions in 29 men with a 47,XXY chromosome complement (Klinefelter syndrome) was determined from dental casts. The results showed that a relatively frequent occlusal anomaly was mesial molar occlusion. Incisal open bite was also more common than in controls. Based on the present and previous observations of occlusal anomalies in various sex chromosome anomaly groups and normal controls, it is suggested that the presence of the Y chromosome in the genome is at least as important as the X chromosome for the development of harmonious occlusal morphology. The tendency towards sexual dimorphism in occlusal phenotype might result from a differential effect of the X and Y chromosomes on cellular activity which leads to different growth patterns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A study in 47,XYY men of the expression of sex-chromosome anomalies in dental occlusion.

Occlusal traits were determined for 47,XYY men and compared with previous determinations of occlusal morphology in other sex-chromosome anomalies and in normal women and men. The 47,XYY men, like 47,XXY men, tended to have a mesial molar occlusion and a mandibular overjet more often than did other groups, while 45,X women (Turner patients) clearly had the highest frequency of distal occlusion and large overjet. The 47,XXY men had the highest frequency of most occlusal anomalies. As a whole, these and earlier findings suggest that the number of X or Y chromosomes is associated negatively with distal occlusion and lateral crossbite, whereas a positive association was found with mesial molar occlusion and scissors bite.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Malocclusion traits and articulatory components of speech.

The aim here was to determine the effects of particular types of malocclusion including the effects of combinations of different occlusal anomalies on speech articulation. Occlusal anomalies and articulatory speech disorders, a diagnosis based on errors in place of articulation, were determined for 451 students, mean age 23 years. The present results showed that risk ratios for producing consonants too far anteriorly was greater by 4.5 times for subjects with mesial occlusion, 3.7 times for those with mandibular overjet, 3.4 times for subjects with incisal open bite and 1.7 for those with lateral cross-bite compared to individuals without those occlusal anomalies. This study suggests that incisal open bite alone is rarely associated with articulatory speech disorders, but if present they tend to be mild. Incisal open bite combined with other occlusal anomalies, especially with mesial occlusion, is related to more severe misarticulations of consonants.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Functional disturbances of the masticatory system in relation to articulatory disorders of speech in a group of 6-8-year-old children.

In the sample of 208 children, clinical signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorder were mild, somewhat more common in boys than in girls, and clearly more common in children referred for speech therapy than in the control group. Of variables measured in millimetres, the differences indicate sexual dimorphism rather than differences between boys and girls in the occurrence of craniomandibular disorders. The differences may also reflect later maturing of neuromuscular control in boys rather than true differences between boys and girls in the prevalence of craniomandibular disorder. Logistical regression showed that children with articulatory speech disorders had more subjective symptoms and retrusive interferences, smaller maximal opening, and larger maximal laterotrusion and protrusion movements of the mandible than the controls. Thus different dysfunctions of the orofacial region tend to coexist in the same individuals. Subjective symptoms and clinical signs are mild in 6-8-yr-old children and may reflect immaturity of fine motor control.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Occlusal characteristics in groups of Tanzanian and Finnish urban schoolchildren.

The occurrence of different occlusal and space anomalies was studied in groups of 642 Tanzanian and 458 Finnish school-children. Similar diagnostic criteria and methods were used in both countries. The Finnish children had significantly higher prevalences of distal occlusion and crowding and a lower prevalence of anterior openbite than the Tanzanian children. The proportion of subjects with no occlusal or space anomalies was considerably higher among the Tanzanians than among the Finns, 55% and 12% to 22%, respectively. The distinct differences found in occlusion of Tanzanian and Finnish children in this study seem to reflect differences in hereditary or environmental factors, which are expressed as craniofacial or dentoalveolar differences between these ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effects of age, gender, and body size on nasal cross-sectional area in children.

The long-term goal of this research is to define the dimensions of nasal airway adequacy in children. Nasal airway size and variables associated with growth were assessed in 138 healthy children aged 7-15 years. The pressure-flow technique (Warren, 1984) was used to calculate the smallest cross-sectional area of the nasal airway. Mean nasal area was 0.38 +/- 0.12 cm2 for 7-9-year-olds, 0.40 +/- 0.13 cm2 for 10-12-year-olds, and 0.46 +/- 0.16 cm2 for 13-15-year-old children, the effect of age being statistically significant. Nasal airway size did not vary systematically with body size nor was there any clear difference between girls and boys. We conclude that age should always be considered when assessing the status of the nasal airway in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between craniomandibular dysfunction and pattern of speech sound production in a series of first-graders.

This report investigates associations between prevalence of functional disturbances of the masticatory system and speech disorders. The subjects were 157 children referred for speech therapy to the hospital and a control group all 130 first-graders at two elementary schools, mean age 7 years 6 months. During clinical examinations, signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction were recorded by the same dentist. Articulatory speech disorders were diagnosed by the same phoniatrician using the Remes Articulatory Test (Remes, 1975) for the Finnish language. The results showed that in the hospital referral group the mean value for maximal opening was smaller while laterotrusion movements and maximal protrusion of the mandible were larger than in the control group. The study group also more often had CM disorders and occlusal interferences than children of the first grade sample. In the present data, a higher frequency of subjective symptoms and several clinical signs of CMD were related to certain articulatory speech disorders. Risk of having too anteriorly-produced sounds, mainly 's'-sounds, decreased with advancing age in 6-8-year-old children. In conclusion, expression of both craniomandibular disorder and disorders in speech sound production seem to a considerable extent to reflect immaturity of fine motor control of the orofacial muscles in 6-8-year-old children.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1991

Eruption pattern of permanent teeth in a rural community in northeastern Finland.

Cross-sectional data on permanent tooth eruption were collected by examining the children and adolescents 5-15 years old in a northeastern municipality of Finland. There were 1008 subjects in the whole sample, 483 girls and 525 boys. The results showed statistically significant differences between the girls and boys in timing of eruption of some permanent teeth, indicating earlier eruption in girls than in boys. This difference was most clearly seen in the second phase of the mixed dentition. Interindividual variation in the emergence age was also wider in the second phase of the mixed dentition. The present results seem to indicate earlier eruption of the permanent teeth in rural children in northeastern Finland than in other parts of the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Variation in function of the masticatory system in 1008 rural children.

The aim on the present study was to investigate the variation in function of the masticatory system in 1008 subjects 5 to 15-years-old in a rural community. This study considered the effects of age, gender, developmental stage of the dentition and interexaminer variability. In addition, maximal opening capacity of the mandible was assessed in relation to age, gender and body size. Four dentists performed the examinations combined with routine check-ups, preventive and operative dental treatments. The results showed that the opening capacity in children increases from the age of 6 to the age of 12 with no difference between the sexes. Children of bigger size seem to have larger opening than the smaller ones. Minor differences were found between the sexes, but some variation with age could be seen in signs of craniomandibular disorders (CMD) and in occlusal recordings. Children with RP-IP slide had more often CMD-signs than the ones without this occlusal feature mainly from the instability of occlusion. This is in accordance with the finding of a higher prevalence of muscle tenderness and mediotrusion interferences during the mixed dentition. In general, in children expression of the craniomandibular disorders seems to reflect physiological changes during development of the dentition and occlusion rather than a pathological condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Role of developmental stage of occlusion for articulatory disorders in speech among first-graders.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the eruption stage and that of occlusal anomalies among etiological factors for articulatory speech disorders in a series of first-graders. The results suggest that even though speech and sound production have been reported to be mature by the age of five, some spontaneous correction of speech sound articulation occurs with maturing of the articulators with age and with eruption of some permanent teeth during the first phase of the mixed dentition.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Reliability of the moiré method in study of tooth and palatal morphology.

The purpose of the present study was to determine reproducibility of the photographic technique, intra- and inter-examiner reliability of the moiré method for investigating tooth and palatal morphology as well as the agreement between the moiré method and the palatometer in measuring palatal height. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.88 to 0.95 for three separate photographs for each of the same 40 casts taken by three examiners and measured by a single examiner exhibited high reproducibility of the photographic technique. For studying tooth morphology, the moiré lines were counted from the cusp tips to the mesiobuccal and distolingual fossae. ICC of 0.92 to 0.99 with 95% confidence limits for triple measurements and Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.92 to 1.00 for double measurements showed high intra- and inter-examiner consistency, respectively. For palatal height at the level of the first maxillary molars ICC with 95% confidence limits for triple measurements was 0.98 and correlation coefficient between two examiners 0.98, respectively. Correlation coefficients between the moiré method and the palatometer were also high, with a value of 0.98. In summary, with careful calibration before use, the moiré method proved to be useful and reliable in studying tooth and palatal morphology.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1989

Effects of velar resistance on speech aerodynamics.

The level of intelligibility attained by speakers with cleft palate reflects not only the ability to achieve adequate velopharyngeal closure but other complex variables as well. When closure is inadequate, performance is influenced by compensatory responses of the tongue, vocal folds, respiratory muscles and nasal valve. The purpose of the present study was to determine how a loss of velar resistance associated with velopharyngeal inadequacy affects speech pressures and airflow. The pressure-flow technique (Warren, 1979) was used to assess mean airflow rate, mean intraoral and nasal pressures and velopharyngeal orifice areas in 211 subjects diagnosed as having cleft palate or velopharyngeal inadequacy. The data revealed that resistance fell as velopharyngeal orifice area increased. Intraoral pressures also fell as resistance dropped while nasal pressures and airflow rate increased. These findings suggest that individuals with velar inadequacy and associated low velar resistance compensate by increasing airflow rate in an attempt to maintain adequate pressures for consonant sound production.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Occlusal anomalies in 45,X/46,XX- and 46,Xi(Xq)-women (Turner syndrome).

A total of 20 individuals with X-chromosome aberrations, 14 45,X/46,XX-women and six 46,Xi(Xq)-women, were examined for occlusal anomalies. The controls were first-degree woman relatives and population women. The results showed that the most common type of malocclusion in both study groups was lateral cross bite. Also distal molar occlusion, increased maxillary overjet and in 45,X/46,XX-women open bite was found. 45,X/46,XX-women's occlusion seems to be more affected than that of 46,Xi(Xq)-women. Compared to 45,X-women, the present study groups show milder expression of malocclusion. One might speculate that enamel genes of the X-chromosome are involved in occlusal development.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Intraoral pressure, nasal pressure and airflow rate in cleft palate speech.

We have suggested that compensatory behaviors associated with cleft palate may be strategies developed for the purpose of satisfying the requirements of a speech regulating system. The purpose of the present study was to test this hypothesis in subjects demonstrating various degrees of velopharyngeal inadequancy. The pressure-flow technique was used to assess aerodynamic responses to a loss of velar resistance in 74 subjects compared to a control group of 137 subjects with adequate velopharyngeal closure. The results of this study demonstrate that as degree of inadequacy increased, airflow rate also increased. Although intraoral pressure fell as inadequacy increased, many subjects were able to maintain pressures above 3.0 cm H2O by increasing airflow rate. Nasal pressure increased in proportion to the decrease in intraoral pressure while combined nasal plus oral pressure remained constant across groups. These findings suggest that a loss of resistance at the velar port is compensated by an increase in resistance at the nasal port. Airflow rate appears to be adjusted to total upper airway resistance. These findings support our contention that the speech system is constrained to meet aerodynamic requirements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Occlusion among a group of Tanzanian urban schoolchildren.

Occlusion and its variations were studied in a group of primary schoolchildren (n = 642, age 11-18 yr) in Dar es Salaam. Most children (96%) had Angle's Class I occlusion. Distal and mesial bite were rare in the sample, representing 3% and 1%, respectively. Crowding was found to be the most common dental disorder (16%) and the frequency of moderate and severe crowding decreased with age. No clear differences in occlusion were found between boys and girls. The results of this study show smaller occlusal variation compared with Caucasian children, and also some differences compared with previous African studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Screening of velopharyngeal closure based on nasal airflow rate measurements.

Although sophisticated techniques for estimating velopharyngeal port area during speech are available, clinicians continue to seek approaches for screening patients with suspected velar inadequacy. The aim of the present study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of predicting velopharyngeal dysfunction based on nasal airflow measurements. The pressure-flow technique was used to measure velopharyngeal orifice area and nasal airflow rate in 211 subjects with cleft palate or velar dysfunction, or both. The data demonstrate that nasal airflow rates above 125 cc/sec are almost always associated with velar dysfunction. Sensitivity and specificity of this index were high (0.85 and 0.96, respectively). A correct diagnosis was made in 93% of the cases. As expected, errors in judgment occurred most frequently in subjects with borderline velopharyngeal inadequacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Articulatory disorders in speech among Finnish-speaking students according to age, sex, and speech therapy.

A group of Finnish-speaking students (n = 451) was examined clinically to study occurrence of articulatory disorders in speech, controlling for the possible effects of age, sex, and previous speech therapy. Distortions of the /s/ sound were found in 16%, of the /r/ sound in 3%, and of the /l/, /n/, or /d/ sounds in about 1% of the subjects; the rarest faultily produced sounds were usually combined with other articulatory disorders. According to fitted log-linear functions, age and sex were not related to prevalence of articulatory disorders in speech among young adults, while there was a tendency for subjects with previous speech therapy to have higher frequencies of articulatory disorders of /s/ and /r/ sounds than subjects with no such treatment, suggesting that exclusion of the treated subjects would have resulted in too low a prevalence of articulatory disorders in the sample.

Adult↗