Optimal concentration of epinephrine for vasoconstriction in ear surgery.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal concentration of epinephrine required for vasoconstriction in ear surgery by evaluating changes in laser doppler blood flow. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded. METHODS: Forty subjects undergoing surgical procedures under general anesthesia were injected in a standard posterior external auditory canal block with 1 mL of 1% lidocaine containing varying concentrations of epinephrine (nil, 1:50,000, 1:100,000, or 1:200,000) determined by randomization. Ear canal blood flow measurements were then made at 1-minute intervals for a 10-minute period using a laser doppler flow meter and compared with baseline blood flow. RESULTS: The control solution of 1% lidocaine had a significantly higher blood flow than the epinephrine-containing solutions with an actual 200% increase in blood flow for the first 5 minutes before returning to baseline. All epinephrine-containing solutions had an approximately 50% decrease in blood flow from baseline over the 10-minute period as compared with the control which was statistically significant (P < .0001). There was no significant difference between the blood flow reduction of 1:50,000, 1:100,000, and 1:200,000 epinephrine-containing solutions (P = .8875). CONCLUSIONS: One percent lidocaine control exhibited the expected initial vasodilatory effect for approximately 5 minutes. In this experimental model, using a lower concentration of 1:200,000 epinephrine would supply equivalent vasoconstriction in the ear compared with higher concentrations, thus reducing the possible systemic toxicity and related morbidity.