Correlated atomic motions in glassy selenium.
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
T Mason
Publications and source records attributed to T Mason.
Seclusion: an international comparison.
A review of the national and international literature on seclusion of psychiatric patients established its wide use throughout the countries located with use of primary or secondary published data. Although the form seclusion took varied considerably, with some embroiling the concept under the rubric of restraint, it became apparent that in the extremes of violence it was unavoidable. All the countries reviewed expressed concerns regarding the use of seclusion including the non-psychiatrized country highlighted, but were unable to provide a realistic practical alternative as an emergency measure.
Australia↗
"Drugs and AIDS--reaching for help": a videotape on AIDS and drug abuse prevention for criminal justice populations.
This article describes the development of a videotape targeted at persons under supervision of the criminal justice system. The videotape seeks to encourage those who use illicit drugs to enter drug treatment and to motivate those at risk for exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to alter behaviors that may transmit infection. The criminal justice system presents an important opportunity to deliver such messages, particularly to a large population of persons briefly detained in a jail or lockup and released without subsequent incarceration. Evidence suggests that, even in this audience, knowledge of how to prevent exposure to HIV is widespread, yet those at risk often fail to take appropriate precautions: motivating behavior change demands more than imparting information. In order to shape this videotape, we analyzed the target audience and developed a drama-based approach that applies the framework of social learning theory, the health belief model, and principles of social marketing. This article describes the integration of that theoretical framework into the production process, content, and strategy of the videotape.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Evaluation of the IMPACT blood pressure program.
To evaluate the incremental effectiveness of a work-site blood pressure control program, we conducted a randomized, controlled trial at four work sites with established health promotion programs. Workers with blood pressures of 140/90 mm Hg or higher were eligible. Eighty subjects were assigned to receive a referral to a community physician, monthly 10-minute work-site counseling sessions including blood pressure readings, and personalized mailings, whereas 79 control subjects received only a physician referral. Results for 74 intervention and 71 control subjects were obtained after 1 year. As compared with control subjects, intervention subjects experienced average declines of 8.5/3.9 mm Hg. Adjusted for age, sex, and baseline blood pressure, the decreases were 7.6 mm Hg for systolic and 2.4 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure. These results suggest that counseling of high-risk persons and personalized mailing programs can have an incremental benefit in controlling blood pressure.
Counseling↗
Specificity variants in monoclonal antibodies reactive with peptide epitopes of the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) of Plasmodium falciparum.
It has been suggested that repeat sequence antigens of Plasmodium falciparum may serve the parasite in immune evasion by modifying the host antibody response and impairing the development of protective immunity. According to this proposal networks of cross-reactive, repeat sequence malarial antigens have the ability to stimulate a high proportion of all somatically mutated B cells with altered antibody specificity, and thus to hinder the normal process of antibody affinity maturation. To determine the rate at which immunoglobulin mutations produce new reactivities with repeat sequence antigens, hybridoma cell lines specific for the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) were examined for the incidence of specificity variants that arose naturally or as a result of treatment with the chemical mutagen ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS). From one of the cell lines variants were readily isolated having reactivity towards a very closely related repeat sequence epitope within the same RESA antigen. However, the other hybridoma/antigen combinations revealed no variants. In general, mutations giving rise to antibodies with altered specificity for related repetitive antigens were not readily induced and only limited support of the hypothesis was obtained.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Seclusion theory reviewed--a benevolent or malevolent intervention?
The Special Hospital Service Authority for England and Wales undertook an extensive international literature review on seclusion as a basis for a proposed extended research project on seclusion in the Special Hospital system. The review highlighted the theoretical foundations of seclusion to be based on therapy, containment or punishment; however, there appeared little work carried out in examining the underlying attitude to these central themes. It was suggested that a further level of analysis, by measuring these attitudes along a benevolent-malevolent scale, may prove helpful in advancing our conceptual understanding of the role seclusion plays as a psychiatric intervention.
Adult↗
Treatment of neonatal renovascular hypertension with intravenous enalapril.
Hypertension in the neonate is commonly related to renal disease. More specifically, renovascular hypertension in neonates is often associated with the placement of a umbilical artery catheter. Many medications, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, have been used in the treatment of neonatal hypertension. Captopril, an ACE inhibitor, is an oral agent that is effective in renovascular hypertension. We describe the use of intravenous enalapril, another ACE inhibitor, in successfully treating severe renovascular hypertension refractory to standard medical therapy in two term neonates.
Catheterization, Peripheral↗
Nursing models in a special hospital: cybernetics, hyperreality and beyond.
Two emerging themes that resulted from research carried out in a special hospital on the use of nursing models are identified. The first theme to emerge was the tendency of the subjects to perceive the models as concrete entities thus undergoing a process of reification. The second theme identified was the adherence to the models outside the contextual nature of the setting which limited their effectiveness. A theoretical framework in which to locate the results of the study is explored using cybernetic learning theory and the notion of hyperreality, using the works of Jean Baudrillard. A method for innovation and changing practice in the special hospital setting is suggested.
Cybernetics↗
Sullivan made the right choice in rejecting the Oregon plan.
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Persons with Disabilities↗
Comparison of the ability of adult and pediatric trauma scores to predict pediatric outcome following major trauma.
The Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS) has been identified as the only accurate and adequate means of predicting outcome in pediatric trauma. In answer to the increasing number of trauma patients arriving at local hospitals, the ability of the adult Trauma Score (TS) to predict pediatric trauma outcome was tested. Of the total 2,604 pediatric trauma cases in the North Carolina State Trauma Registry, 441 had both a PTS and TS available for analysis. The primary measures of outcome were emergency department and hospital dispositions. Logistic regression demonstrated that TS (R2 = 0.50) was a stronger predictor of pediatric outcome and PTS (R2 = 0.35) for emergency department disposition and TS (R2 = 0.63) with PTS (R2 = 0.51) for hospital disposition. The correlation between TS and PTS was high (R = 0.8). Stepwise discriminant analysis demonstrated that TS was the stronger predictor of outcome and the PTS added only 9% (partial R2 = 0.09) more accuracy to TS for emergency department disposition and only 6% (partial R2 = 0.06) for hospital disposition. The results of this research demonstrate that TS is a useful method of predicting outcome in pediatric trauma. The use of both scores for each patient does not increase the predictive value of the scores.
Adolescent↗
Acute rheumatic fever in West Virginia. Not just a disease of children.
Rheumatic fever is a poststreptococcal disease that is receiving renewed attention by the medical community. We describe a recent increase in the number of observed cases of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in West Virginia. This is the fifth report of a recent increase in the incidence of ARF in the Ohio Valley area in the last 4 years. In contrast to the other reports, nearly two thirds of our cases of ARF were in adults, more than half of whom had suffered previous bouts of ARF. In these adults with recurrences, none was taking prophylactic penicillin at the time of presentation. Carditis was present in seven adults, two without a history of carditis. Arthritis was present in all adult patients. These data indicate a possible geographic phenomenon related to the increased number of observed cases of ARF and document that ARF is not simply a disease of childhood. Furthermore, our findings highlight the need for extended penicillin prophylaxis for secondary prevention of ARF, especially for those with an increased risk of acquiring a streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection.
Acute Disease↗
A critical review of the use of Rogers' model within a special hospital: a single case study.
This case study presents a problematic patient who has been resident in a special hospital for mentally handicapped people for years due to a gross sexual fantasy disorder, continuous self-injurious behaviour and an array of disordered conducts which resulted in negative nursing reports. The introduction of Rogers' model, with its abstract finer conceptualizations produced an alternative framework by which to assess the patient. This holistic interactive model generated a paradigmatic shift in the nursing perceptions, at a conceptual level, which was manifested in their reporting behaviours. The results appeared to indicate a sudden and dramatic change in the patient's behaviour. However, alternative interpretations proved the more convincing on closer analysis. The use of Rogers' framework proved difficult in its practical application due to its underpinning requirements for role adoption and negotiation, both being problematic in a secure environment.
Adult↗
Nursing models in a special hospital: a critical analysis of efficacity.
Models of care from the general field of nursing applied in special hospitals appears to be unworkable in this type of environment in terms of their inability to affect patient care. It is argued that these external models, adopted due to a crisis of confidence in special hospitals, fail because their fundamental constructs clash with that of the institution's particular sociology. A historical analysis of the development of special hospitals and nursing models reveals a dichotomy of emergent values, highly complex in nature, which conflict from the notion of Parsonian role-adoption. From this position, it is suggested that the strength of value systems are such that this leads to a non-negotiable stalemate of forensic elements of client and institution, and the 'treatment' ethic as prescribed by the medicalization of criminology. This article critically analyses the six most commonly-used nursing models in special hospitals and pinpoints the areas of breakdown within this type of environment from a sociological perspective. Finally, it argues for a new direction away from 'generalist' ideals of nursing towards a theoretical construction of 'specialism' in forensic care.
Criminology↗
Cloning and characterization of the yeast chaperonin HSP60 gene.
The heat-shock protein, HSP60, is abundant in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and is required in the assembly of specific proteins. We have cloned the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP60 gene from a lambda gt11 genomic library using monoclonal antibodies, have obtained its sequence, determined its transcription start point, and shown that it exists as a single copy. The predicted HSP60 contains a mitochondrial target sequence and exhibits striking amino acid sequence similarity to its counterparts in bacteria, plants, and humans. These data indicate a high level of evolutionary conservation and are consistent with the suggestion of evolutionarily conserved function [Hemmingsen et al., Nature 333 (1988), 330-334].
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Court-ordered cesarean section: an analysis of ethical concerns in compelling cases.
Two previously unreported cases are presented in which court-ordered cesarean sections were considered appropriate by physicians. An analysis of the factors that compel physicians to deem court-ordered intervention appropriate is presented. When the significance of a third-trimester fetal death or a lifetime physical or mental disability is balanced against the demand to uphold maternal autonomy at all costs, the recognized ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, obstetric contract keeping, and acting in the patients' best interests combine, in rare situations, to override concerns for individual maternal autonomy and justify court-ordered intervention.
Adult↗
Surveillance study of diltiazem use in black and nonblack angina patients.
Diltiazem hydrochloride was studied in 133 patients with angina to determine whether differing effects were produced in black patients (39 percent of patients) as compared with nonblack patients. The antihypertensive effect of the drug was also assessed. No statistically significant differences between the responses of blacks and nonblacks were found in the reduction of angina frequency (54 percent of blacks improved, 58 percent of nonblacks), nitroglycerin consumption (60 percent of blacks used less, 66 percent of nonblacks), and changes in lifestyle, as measured with the New York Heart Association scale (55 percent of blacks improved, 63 percent of nonblacks). The antihypertensive effects (not analyzed by race) were greatest in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Average decreases in this group were 18 mmHg in supine systolic pressures and 14 mmHg in supine diastolic pressures, as compared with decreases of only 4 and 3 mmHg in normotensives. Study results suggest that there is a difference in the type of angina afflicting blacks and nonblacks, that hypertension more often accompanies angina in blacks, and that diltiazem is equally effective in treating angina in blacks and nonblacks.
Aged↗
Identification of calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger ribonucleic acid in medullary thyroid carcinomas by hybridization histochemistry.
Synthesis and secretion of calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were studied in medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) by hybridization histochemistry on tissue sections and by Northern gel analysis of mRNA. Five patients with MTC and elevated serum levels of calcitonin and CGRP were studied. Surgically obtained tumor samples (four primary and three lymph node metastases) were extracted after freezing, and the RNA was fractionated on Northern gels. Hybridization was carried out with 32P-labeled synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides coding specifically for calcitonin and CGRP. Calcitonin- and CGRP-specific mRNAs approximately 1000 nucleotides in length were demonstrated in all 7 tumor samples. However, neither calcitonin nor CGRP mRNA was detected in a pheochromocytoma from 1 of the patients who had multiple endocrine neoplasia type II. A series of unselected lung carcinomas yielded the same result. Hybridization histochemistry was carried out on sections from the same tumors using the same probes. The mRNAs for calcitonin and CGRP were located in all cells of neoplastic MTC appearance, with CGRP mRNA at significantly lower levels. This demonstrated that both calcitonin and CGRP mRNA were present within the same tumor cells. The lung tumors and pheochromocytoma were negative with both probes. Hybridization histochemistry is likely to be of use in diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer and in studying the calcitonin-CGRP mRNA processing mechanism in whole cells.
Calcitonin↗
The causes of and solutions for rioting in Britain in the summer of 1981.
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Attitude of Health Personnel↗