[On understanding and respecting the others in human interactions].
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Empathy↗
Biomedical subjects
T Mito
Publications and source records attributed to T Mito.
Absorption of vitamin B-12 from the jejunum in man studied with a three lumen tube.
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Edetic Acid↗
Neurological maladaptation in the neonate.
The development of neuronal dendrites dramatically changes in the medullary respiratory centers from prenatal to postnatal periods. The number of spines increases with gestation and decreases rapidly after birth in controls, but persist in sudden infant death syndrome patients. These abnormalities including neurotransmitters may cause a maladaptation in the development of cardiorespiratory control.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Ferritin immunohistochemical study on pontine nuclei from infants with pontosubicular neuron necrosis.
Immunohistochemical ferritin staining was performed on pontine nuclei of the brains of 17 infants with pontosubicular neuron necrosis (PSN), aged 23 to 42 weeks of gestation. Ferritin-positive cells were increased in cases of karyorrhexis with spongy changes and gliosis, but not in those of selective karyorrhexis. Ferritin-positive cells were more increased in the cases with extensive karyorrhectic neurons. Iron may be released to the damaged pontine tissue as a catalyst and microglia may play an important role in the repair of the tissue.
Astrocytes↗
Development of ferritin-containing cells in the pons and cerebellum of the human brain.
The distribution and development of ferritin-containing cells were studied in the pons and cerebellum of human fetuses up to adults, using an immunohistochemical method. The predominant cell type labeled with antiserum to ferritin in the pons and cerebellum was morphologically oligodendrocytes. In the pons, positive cells appeared at 21 weeks of gestation in the reticular formation, and longitudinal and transverse fibers, and at 25 weeks of gestation in pontine nuclei. They increased with age from 33 weeks to infancy. In the cerebellum, positive cells appeared at 25 weeks of gestation in the cerebellar white matter and granular layer. They increased from 29 to 40 weeks of gestation in the white matter, and to childhood in the granular layer. The time of appearance of positive cells in the pons and cerebellum is earlier than in the cerebrum, like myelination. This development of ferritin-positive glia may be related to maturation of oligodendrocytes as well as being the basis of myelination.
Adolescent↗
A Japanese case of infantile sialic acid storage disease.
We report a 4-year-old Japanese girl with infantile sialic acid storage disease. She presented with failure to thrive, coarse facial features, hepatosplenomegaly, severe mental retardation and spastic quadriplegia. Electron microscopic examination of cultured skin fibroblasts revealed multiple vacuoles and inclusion material representing distended lysosomes, thus suggesting a lysosomal storage disorder. A high concentration of free sialic acid was present in the urine and cultured fibroblasts, but bound sialic acid was not increased. The activity of a variety of lysosomal enzymes was not diminished. The MRI findings included brain atrophy and a diffuse high signal in the cerebral white matter and low signal in the basal ganglia on T2-weighted images. To our knowledge, this is the first case of infantile sialic acid storage disease described in a non-Caucasian family.
Atrophy↗
Effects of phenylephrine and dopamine on cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and oxygenation in young rabbits.
The effects of phenylephrine and dopamine on cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and oxygenation were studied in young rabbits using a hydrogen gas clearance method and near-infrared spectrometry. Phenylephrine infusion led to an increase in blood pressure and cerebral blood flow without changes in cerebral blood volume and oxygenation. This result suggests that phenylephrine increases arterial blood flow and vascular resistance in vascular beds which may lead to the rupture of weak vessels in premature infants. Cytochrome a, a3, however, was not affected by the drug. Conversely, a low-dose dopamine infusion had no effect on cerebral hemodynamics, but high-dose decreased blood pressure and cerebral oxyhemoglobin, and increased deoxyhemoglobin without appreciable changes in cerebral blood flow, which suggests venous congestion and arterial blood reduction in the brain.
Animals↗
Immunohistochemical study of the vasculature in the developing brain.
In this study, the developmental proliferation of human brain vessels, from the fetal to the adult stage, was analyzed by immunohistochemical methods using antitype IV collagen, antilaminin, and antifibronectin antibodies. Examination of the frontal lobe indicates that these antibodies bind to the vessels, both arteries and veins. During cortical angiogenesis, the density and diameter of vessels increase rapidly from about 26 weeks gestation and peak at 35 weeks; after 35 weeks, the density and diameter of vessels are the same as those in adult brain. The white matter demonstrates no major changes in vessel density, although the pattern of the changes in vessel diameter resembles that of the cortex. Small immunopositive spots suggesting neovascularization reveal the same developmental tendency as the density of vessels in the cortex and white matter; therefore, it appears that neovascularization in the fetal brain during development is more rapid than cortical expansion and is equal to the growth of white matter. Neovascularization may be closely related to normal brain development and may play an undefined role in perinatal cerebrovascular insults.
Basement Membrane↗
Developmental change in type VI collagen in human cerebral vessels.
Vascular development in the human brain was studied by immunohistochemistry using an anti-type VI collagen antibody. Positive vessels were evident from an early gestational age in the meninges, from 21 weeks gestation in the basal ganglia and deep white matter, and from 38 weeks gestation in the cerebral cortex and superficial white matter; however, type VI collagen never appeared in the subependymal germinal layer. The absent or scarce type VI collagen in the subependymal germinal layer may be one of the important factors of subependymal/intraventricular/periventricular hemorrhage in premature neonates. The earlier appearance of positive vessels in the deep white matter than in the cortex and superficial white matter suggests that the medullary vein develops earlier than the cortical and subcortical veins and arteries. These characteristics of the developing vascular structure may be one cause of perinatal brain damage.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
Neuropathology of central respiratory dysfunction in infancy.
We studied the neuropathology of 7 infants who had primary respiratory problems unrelated to increased intracranial pressure. These infants ranged in age from newborn to 2 years. Five were male. In 2 of them the main neuropathological findings were in the brainstem with prominent neuroglial heterotopia in the subarachnoid space, and aplasia of the VI and VII cranial nerves. Two infants had abnormalities of the X and XII nerves together with neuronal heterotopia and migration failure of the inferior olivary nuclei. In 1 infant diagnosed with Ondine's curse, examination showed diffuse neuronal loss and gliosis in the medullary tegmentum. One infant had a unilateral infarction in the medulla and another showed extensive gliosis in the brainstem tegmentum along with a large infarction in the region of the anterior cerebral artery. These infants exhibited a spectrum of abnormalities including neuronal dysplasia, gliosis and hypoxic-ischemic changes. In the differential diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction in infants a rare consideration is a central etiology based on malformation of essential neuronal components of the brainstem.
Agenesis of Corpus Callosum↗
Neuropathology in patients with congenital heart disease and Down syndrome.
This report examines the relationship between congenital heart disease (CHD) and neuropathological findings in three groups of patients: Down syndrome (45 cases), isolated CHD (296 cases), and CHD with multiple anomalies (92 cases). The increase in brain weight in Down syndrome was similar to control standards up to 1 year of age, after which it was less than normal. Among the three groups, there were differences in frequency in cyanotic CHD, history of operation, and macroscopic and microscopic brain malformations. The incidence of calcification in the brain was increased in Down syndrome. Nine children out of the total cohort had cerebrovascular abnormalities. Although CHD is frequent in Down syndrome, the cerebrovasculature is spared; only infrequent minor abnormalities of the circle of Willis were detected.
Abnormalities, Multiple↗
A neuropathologic analysis of neonatal deaths occurring in a single neonatal unit over a 20-year period.
This study presents an overview of 2515 consecutive autopsies performed on newborn infants who died during the first 28 days of life at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, during the period 1970-89. The infants were grouped into two categories according to their gestational age, then subdivided into groups of early (0-6 days) and late (7-28 days) neonatal death. Trends in the occurrence of neuropathologic observation were documented. For each 5-year period and each gestational group, the following diagnoses were recorded: hypoxic-ischemic neuronal changes, periventricular leukomalacia, infarction, kernicterus, meningitis, and hemorrhage (subependymal, parenchymal, choroidal). Over these 20 years, our results show that death in preterm infants decreased because of a drop in the incidence of subependymal hemorrhage/intraventricular hemorrhage, kernicterus, and meningitis but increased in term infants as a result of a higher frequency of hypoxic-ischemic neuronal necrosis and choroid plexus hemorrhage.
Cerebral Hemorrhage↗