Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants from Nigeria.
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Anti-Infective Agents↗
Biomedical subjects
T Odugbemi
Publications and source records attributed to T Odugbemi.
Cloning and characterization of the tetracycline resistance determinant from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli p1479.
As part of an epidemiological study, R plasmids coding for tetracycline resistance were isolated from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. A 1.4kb Pst 1 fragment of one of them p1479 (size 5.7kb) has been cloned into plasmid pGL101. This recombinant plasmid containing the tetracycline gene was then transformed into E. coli DHI where the tetracycline resistant gene was fully expressed. Attempts to develop this clone to a diagnostic probe is now in progress.
Cloning, Molecular↗
Fungal chest infections at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital.
One hundred and ninety-six sputum specimens were collected from patients with suspected fungal chest infections between 1986 and 1989 at the Medical Out-patients Department of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Eighty-three fungal isolates were obtained representing 42.3 percent of specimens collected. Seventy per cent of the fungal isolates were due to species of either Candida or Aspergillus. Whilst the predisposing factors to Aspergillus infection were either due to tuberculosis or bronchial asthma, a high proportion of infection with Candida were due to patients with leukaemias and lymphomas. Diagnostic shortcomings in the cases studied are stressed. The widespread uncontrolled use of antibiotics and corticosteroids in Lagos, and the rising incidence of human immunodeficient virus infection makes it imperative to routinely investigate for fungal chest infections in Lagos.
Aspergillosis↗
Bacterial flora of burn wounds in Lagos, Nigeria: a prospective study.
A prospective study of burn wound sepsis was carried out on 31 consecutive patients with fresh burns. Wound swab cultures were assessed at weekly intervals for 5 weeks. The study revealed that while 96.7 per cent of burn wounds were sterile on admission, bacterial colonization reached 80.6 per cent within the first week after admission. Although the Gram-negative organisms, as a group, were more predominant, Staph. aureus (38.2 per cent) was the most prevalent organism in the first week. It was however surpassed by Pseud. aeruginosa from the second week onwards. Anaerobes were conspicuous by their absence. Similarly, beta-haemolytic streptococcus was not isolated from any patient. Proteus mirabilis was unusually preponderant, forming 19.4 per cent of all isolates. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed resistance of most of the organisms to ampicillin. Only 15 per cent of staphylococci were sensitive to cloxacillin. Most of the organisms cultured (93.5 per cent) were sensitive to ceftazidime.
Adolescent↗
Screening for Listeria monocytogenes and other related species from faecal specimens at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos.
Four hundred and twenty faecal specimens from patients with acute gastroenteritis and apparently healthy persons who reported at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) between October, 1988 and May, 1989 were investigated for faecal carriage of Listeria monocytogenes and other related species. Of these specimens, none was positive for Listeria species. However, the mannitol--fermenting Listeria species now Murraya grayi sub species grayi and Murraya grayi sub spp. murrayi representing 0.95% (4 out of 420) were isolated. Other well known enteric pathogens isolated in the course of this study were Escherichia coli (11.4%), Salmonella typhi (7.1%) and Yersinia species (1.4%).
Acute Disease↗
Nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis among school children at Ijede, Lagos State, Nigeria.
A total of 639 school children ranging in age from 5 to 15 years were investigated for nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in Ijede, Lagos-State, Nigeria. The carriage rate was found to be 6.2%. Of the 40 children from whom meningococci were isolated, 25 (62.5%) were males and 15 (37.5%) were females. Serogrouping of the isolates showed that serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis was isolated with the highest frequency 40%, while serogroups A, B, and W135 had isolation rates of 25.5%, 17.5% and 7.5% respectively. This study has shown that group C Neisseria meningitidis is the prevalent serogroup among school children in the area, which is south of the meningitis belt in Nigeria.
Adolescent↗
Screening of children for enteric bacterial pathogens in the outborn neonatal ward in Lagos, Nigeria.
Babies, on admission into a neonatal ward at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, had their rectal swab specimens examined bacteriologically and screened for enteric bacterial pathogens over a one-year-period at two-week intervals. It was found that on the average there were 3 (9.68%) enteric bacterial pathogens out of an average of 31 admissions at each screening period. The enteric bacterial pathogens isolated included: non-typhoid salmonellae, which accounted for 55 (80.88%) isolates out of the 68 enteric bacterial pathogens, Salmonella typhi 2.94%, Shigella dysenteriae 2.94%, Shigella flexneri 4.41%, S. boydii 1.47%, S. sonnei 1.47%, Campylobacter jejuni 1.47% and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) 2.94%. The main clinical conditions associated with those babies in whom the enteric pathogens were isolated included sepsis, prematurity, neonatal jaundice and tetanus. It is concluded that the enteric bacterial pathogens, even though they were not directly associated with diarrhoeal disease in the newborns in this study, might have contributed to other illnesses like sepsis and meningitis. It is also noteworthy that the enteric bacterial pathogens isolated sporadically from the babies could have been over-looked in view of the fact that it is not conventional to search for enteric bacterial pathogens in babies without diarrhoea on admission. Rectal swab investigations could provide additional information which might be of epidemiological importance in ill neonates in the clinical settings that prevail in developing countries.
Bacteria↗
Occurrence of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and leuconostoc-like organisms in Lagos, Nigeria.
A total of 91 catalase--negative Gram-positive coccal isolates obtained from 245 clinical specimens in Lagos were characterized. Ten (11.0%) of the isolates were vancomycin resistant, they fermented glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose, mannose, mannitol, ribose, salicin, sorbitol, arabinose and xylose with acid production. One of the isolates produced in addition gas inclusive and ethanol, thus identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The ten vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive coccal organisms (VRGPC) showed variable sensitivity patterns to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin and co-trimoxazole. The possible role of Leuconostoc spp. and VRGPC in clinical infections in hospital setting is still to be defined.
Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
Study on the pH of ogi, Nigerian fermented weaning food, and its effect on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi.
The pH values of both cooked and uncooked ogi samples were determined and the survival of nalidixic acid-resistant enteropathogenic Escherichia coli OB 26 34/20, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A when seeded into cooked ogi were studied. The pH values of ogi ranged from pH 3.0 to 3.9. Cooked ogi had a slightly lower pH value than uncooked ogi. Our survival experiments showed that the inoculated enteric pathogens were considerably inhibited in cooked ogi during storage for 24 h. The antibacterial effect of cooked ogi was more pronounced on enteropathogenic E. coli with a log10 5 decline in bacterial count within 6 h.
Diarrhea, Infantile↗
Observation on distribution of Shigella species in Lagos: a report for the period 1985-1988.
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Dysentery, Bacillary↗
The occurrence of Branhamella catarrhalis and other commensal Neisseriaceae in clinical sputum specimens in Lagos, Nigeria.
Branhamella catarrhalis and other commensal Neisseria species were isolated from 200 out of 500 sputum samples from patients with lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). B. catarrhalis was isolated from 60 (12%). The isolation rates for other Neisseria species were as follows: N. mucosa from 45 (9%), N. sicca from 40 (8%), N. lactamica from 35 (7%), N. cinerea from 12 (2.4%) and N. subflava from 8 (1.6%). B. catarrhalis occurred in pure cultures in 15 (25%) of the 60 samples positive for this organism. Twenty (33%) out of the 60 N. catarrhalis isolates were beta-lactamase positive.
Bacterial Infections↗
Occurrence of Aeromonas species and Plesiomonas shigelloides in patients with and without diarrhoea in Lagos, Nigeria.
The prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides was determined in patients attending the enteric laboratory of the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. During the 12-month study (October 1986-September 1987), Aeromonas spp. were isolated from 53 (2.26%) of 2350 patients with diarrhoea and only 2 (0.4%) of 500 patients without diarrhoea (p less than 0.01). Similarly, P. shigelloides was isolated from 16 (0.68%) patients with diarrhoea and none of the controls (p greater than 0.05). The seasonality, age and sex distribution of diarrhoea associated with Aeromonas spp. and P. shigelloides in this study were similar to those of diarrhoea associated with other recognised enteropathogens in Nigeria. Both species may play a role in the aetiology of acute diarrhoeal disease in that environment.
Adolescent↗
Plasmid screening amongst Aeromonas species and Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from subjects with diarrhoea in Lagos, Nigeria.
Fifty-three Aeromonas strains and 16 Plesiomonas shigelloides isolated from subjects with diarrhoea in Lagos were screened for the presence of plasmids. Nine (17%) of the Aeromonas strains and one (6.3%) of the P. shigelloides harboured one or more plasmids, ranging in size from 2.4 to 16.8 MDa. As has been documented in other enteropathogens, the possibilities are that these plasmids code for some factors to enhance the virulence of their hosts.
Aeromonas↗
Biochemical characteristics and a simple scheme for the identification of Aeromonas species and Plesiomonas shigelloides.
The biochemical characteristics of 55 strains of Aeromonas spp. and 16 P. shigelloides of human faecal origin were examined. Results of tests for the production of oxidase, acid from xylose, dulcitol, adonitol, mannitol, or inositol; greenish pigmentation on nutrient agar, and growth in 6.5% NaCl broth were found to be specific and reproducible. However, other tests such as haemolysis on blood agar (BA), production of DNase, amylase, ornithine or lysine decarboxylase; citrate utilization and the methyl red, Voges-Proskauer (MRVP) varied with different strains. On the basis of our results, we propose a simple scheme for the preliminary identification of Aeromonas and Plesiomonas isolates in laboratories with limited resources. We hope that other laboratories will evaluate it to determine its validity.
Aeromonas↗
Correlation between human and animal bio-serogroups of Campylobacter isolates in Nigeria.
Campylobacter enteritis is endemic in Nigeria as in most other developing countries of the world. This paper examines the common biotypes and serogroups of Campylobacter in human and animal isolates. The observed correlation suggests a possible animal to human route of infection in Nigeria. Implications on preventive and control measures are discussed.
Animals↗
Persistent occurrence of beta-haemolytic streptococci in a population of Lagos school children.
A total of 354 (8%) out of 4395 primary school pupils located in seven Lagos primary schools were positive for beta-haemolytic streptococci (BHS). Eighty-three (23%), 99 (28%) and 113 (32%) of the respiratory tract isolates and 25 (53%), 14 (30%) and seven (15%) of the skin-lesion isolates were identified as belonging to Lancefield groups A, C and G respectively. Prevalence rate of BHS in a rural school was different from that in urban schools.
Carrier State↗
Fungi causing dermatophytosis in Lagos, Nigeria.
Dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton were isolated from 162 (41%) of 395 patients with clinical manifestations of ringworm infection reporting at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria between January 1986 and December 1987. Of the 162 strains of fungi isolated, 120 (74.1%) were Microsporum species and 7 (4.3%) were Epidermophyton floccosum. Superficial mycosis was most prevalent on the skin (59.3%), followed by that of the hairs (27.2%). Infection of the nails (13.6%) was the least common. Infection occurred in all the age groups with the age group (20 years old and above) having the highest rate of isolation (68.5%) while the age group (5 years and below) had the lowest isolation rate (3.7%).
Adolescent↗
Could streptococcal infection be one of the causes of Bell's palsy?
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Adult↗