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Biomedical subjects

T R Holland

Publications and source records attributed to T R Holland.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Ethnicity, criminality, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory.

Scores on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) were analyzed in relation to violent versus nonviolent criminality and ethnic group membership within a sample of adult, male offenders. Although the white, Mexican-American, and black subjects differed on both psychometric and criminological variables, there was no statistically significant association between these predictors and criteria for either the total sample or the individual ethnic groups. The results were seen to contradict recent claims regarding the validity of the BDHI as a discriminator of violent behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

MMPI basic scales vs. two-point codes in the discrimination of psychopathological groups.

Made comparisons between MMPI basic scales and two-point codes in the discrimination of brain-damaged, schizophrenic, neurotic, and alcoholic patients (N = 380). Although levels of group differentiation were relatively low for both scales and codes, the latter approach was seen to result in a considerable loss of information and a concomitant reduction in criterion-related validity.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Multivariate analysis of WAIS-MMPI relationships among brain-damaged, schizophrenic, neurotic, and alcoholic patients.

Subjected WAIS and MMPI profiles of brain-damaged, process schizophrenic, reactive schizophrenic, neurotic, and alcoholic patients (N = 423) to multiple discriminant and canonical correlational analyses. The groups differed significantly in WAIS and MMPI profile patterns, and the combination of both sets of measures resulted in increased group discrimination compared to either set alone. Nonetheless, despite this element of independence in their contributions to group differentiation, WAIS subtests and MMPI scales were correlated with each other along two significant profile dimensions. The results were seen to provide a multivariate description of intelligence and personality as partially overlapping domains that contain both shared and unique components of variance.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Personality patterns among hospitalized vs. incarcerated psychopaths.

Subjected MMPI profiles of 80 hospitalized and 80 incarcerated white, male psychopathic personalities to a formal clustering procedure from which five primary types emerged. These types differed along four dimensions of profile pattern, and patients were distinguished from prisoners by a greater frequency of types in which psychopathic features were combined with nonpsychopathic forms of psychopathology. A higher average profile elevation also was obtained for hospitalized than incarcerated Ss, although frequencies of common two-point codes failed to discriminate significantly between these two groups. The results were seen to highlight the heterogeneity of psychopathy, to illustrate the potential of comparative studies of similarly diagnosed Ss from different clinical populations for clarifying this diversity, and to support the practice of deriving MMPI profile types by empirical methods rather than the currently popular two-point code approach.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Canonical versus factor analytic perspectives on the structure of associations between the MMPI and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory.

A canonical correlational analysis of MMPI profiles versus Buss-Durkee hostility and aggression scales was conducted, resulting in the identification of a general hostility-aggression-maladjustment dimension and three relatively specific aggression-personality relationships. These findings were contrasted with those obtained from a factor analysis of the combination of both sets of scores. Though often used in previous studies of associations between the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory and other measures, factor analysis was seen to be less than optimally suited to such a purpose. It was concluded that canonical correlation is preferable to factor analysis when seeking to clarify the multivariate structure of relationships between two sets of variables.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Comparison and combination of recall and Background Interference Procedures for the Bender-Gestalt Test with brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients.

The Bender-Gestalt Test was administered under standard, recall, Background Interference Procedure (BIP), and BIP-recall conditions to 20 brain-damaged and 20 schizophrenic male inpatients. Individual recall, BIP, and BIP-recall scores differentiated between the groups prior to controlling for IQ, but only recall and BIP-recall continued to discriminate once IQ was held constant. The use of difference scores corrected for standard copy performance (base level) resulted in improved diagnostic discrimination compared to difference scores alone. However, this procedure also produced a substantial multiple correlation with IQ and a consequent loss of group differentiation for the BIP difference score, while failing to yield an appreciable increase in predictive accuracy over individual scores for recall and BIP-recall. Nonetheless, a significant effect emerged independently of both recall and IQ for the BIP-recall score, suggesting that the BIP hypothesis may have merit within the context of memory functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Utilization of offender case information by "lenient" vs. "punitive" clinicians.

Presentence evaluations conducted by psychologists and psychiatrists (clinicians) and correctional counselors (caseworkers) were subjected to multiple regression analyses in order to specify the relative contribution of inmate characteristics (offense severity and recidivism probability) and decision-maker response biases to sentencing recommendations. Although both groups of decision-makers showed a response bias effect for cases that were difficult to discriminate, the effect was generally larger for clinicians than for caseworkers. Response bias (lenient vs. punitive) was not associated with type of clinical judgment model (linear vs. configural) or predictability of recommendation, although it was associated with the degree of relative weighting of the two independent variables and, in the case of extremely punitive decision-makers, with the tendency to utilize only one evaluative dimension (offense severity) to the exclusion of the other. Furthermore, it was found that inmates who committed the most serious offenses were exposed selectively to those decision-makers most likely both to place exclusive emphasis on offense severity and to recommend relatively punitive case dispositions. The need for an accountability system designed to minimize the effects of the response biases of correctional decision-makers was discussed.

California↗
PubMed1978

Utilization of the Goldberg MMPI profile classification rules for the assessment of psychopathology in different clinical populations.

MMPI profiles of 545 psychiatric inpatients and 560 incarcerated offenders were separated sequentially into normal, sociopathic, neurotic and psychotic groups by means of Goldberg's profile classification rules. Patient-prisoner differences in both rates of classification and profile patterns of groups within diagnostic categories were assessed quantitatively, and profiles were interpreted by use of standard MMPI codebooks. For the hospitalized Ss comparisons also were made between clinical diagnoses and Goldberg-MMPI classifications. The resulting differences in classification rates, similarities of profiles within diagnostic categories, correspondence between obtained and codebook-expected profiles, and agreement between clinical and Goldberg-MMPI classifications were not such that this approach could be used with confidence as a basis for establishing diagnostic group membership. Although Goldberg's system appears to represent certain improvements over previous criterion-related methods of profile classification, it was concluded that its value nonetheless is limited by the assumption of an invariant relationship between test patterns and nontest variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Personality patterns among correctional officer applicants.

The MMPI profiles of 359 correctional officer applicant were cluster analyzed, which resulted in the identification of five relatively homogeneous subgroups. While MMPI performance was not related to later events in the correctional careers of the Ss, certain similarities were noted between the officer group and two samples of inmates previously studied in a comparable fashion. In this respect, although the officers manifested generally lower profile elevations than inmates, configural similarities were noted between the average inmate and the officer profiles, and partial overlap was seen between the profile types identified in the two groups. The implications of the findings for occupationally adaptive and maladaptive correctional officer behavior were discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1976

Assessment of conceptual deficits in brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients.

Five concept-formation scores for 20 brain-damaged and 20 schizophrenic inpatients were factor analyzed, along with WAIS Vocabulary and Block Design. One factor emerged from this analysis, suggesting that these concept-formation tests do not measure an ability which is greatly different from general intelligence when administered to patients of the type studied. None of the single concept-formation scores discriminated between the brain-damaged and schizophrenic groups independently of general intellectual level, although an exploratory analysis of the subtests of the Halstead Category Test indicated that differential performance on Subtest IV versus Subtest V produced valid criterion variance beyond that attributable to Vocabulary and Block Design alone. The findings were discussed in terms both of the factors underlying the performance of the present subjects versus those from different patient populations, and the need for refining ability-oriented diagnostic strategies when studying impaired patients who do not manifest highly specific psychological deficits on standard clinical tests yielding single scores.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗