T Sandbank | PubMed Health

PubMed1993

Psychoanalysis and maternal work--some parallels.

This paper makes a comparison between a certain type of dilemma facing the analyst in his daily decisions about how to intervene and what to interpret, and the dilemmas faced by parents concerning what would be most useful, at a particular moment, in facilitating the growth of their children. Both analytic and parental strategies move back and forth between emphatic closeness and support, on the one hand, and more objective understanding--involving a 'vision of the future'--and facilitating individuation, on the other. The manner in which these strategies are used is inherently dialectic, and, one hopes, suited to the child's or patient's needs, but also depends on the style of the analyst. This similarity between the work of analysts and that of parents (assuming, of course, the basic differences between these two vocations!) is congruent with the growing prevalence, in almost all contemporary psychoanalytic thought, of object-relations theory.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

A human parvovirus, adeno-associated virus, as a eucaryotic vector: transient expression and encapsidation of the procaryotic gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.

We have used the defective human parvovirus adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a novel eucaryotic vector (parvector) for the expression of a foreign gene in human cells. The recombinant, pAV2, contains the AAV genome in a pBR322-derived bacterial plasmid. When pAV2 is transfected into human cells together with helper adenovirus particles, the AAV genome is rescued from the recombinant plasmid and replicated to produce infectious AAV particles at high efficiency. To create a vector, we inserted a procaryotic sequence coding for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) into derivatives of pAV2 following either of the AAV promoters p40 (pAVHiCAT) and p19 (pAVBcCAT). When transfected into human 293 cells or HeLa cells, pAVHiCAT expressed CAT activity in the absence of adenovirus. In the presence of adenovirus, this vector produced increased amounts of CAT activity and the recombinant AAV-CAT genome was replicated. In 293 cells, pAVBcCAT expressed a similar amount of CAT activity in the absence or presence of adenovirus and the recombinant AAV-CAT genome was not replicated. In HeLa cells, pAVBcCAT expressed low levels of CAT activity, but this level was elevated by coinfection with adenovirus particles or by cotransfection with a plasmid which expressed the adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) product. The E1A product is a transcriptional activator and is expressed in 293 cells. Thus, expression from two AAV promoters is differentially regulated: expression from p19 is increased by E1A, whereas p40 yields high levels of constitutive expression in the absence of E1A. Both AAV vectors were packaged into AAV particles by complementation with wild-type AAV and yielded CAT activity when subsequently infected into cells in the presence of adenovirus.

Acetyltransferases↗