Scale effects in ballistic wounding.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
T Seeman
Publications and source records attributed to T Seeman.
Terminal behaviour of deforming bullets.
Some types of deforming bullets, including soft-point hunting ammunition and so-called shotgun slugs, were fired against blocks of soft soap and against the muscular parts of the hind legs of live, anesthetised pigs. The deformation, breakup, and retardation of the bullets within the targets were recorded by means of a multi-flash X-ray setup. The extent of the soft-tissue damage was evaluated by means of debridement performed by a highly skilled surgeon. The excised tissue was then accurately weighed. The potential to transfer energy of these bullets was, as could be anticipated, extremely high, and the injuries caused were very large. The relations between bullet velocity, construction, deformation, breakup, and the resulting injuries are discussed.
Animals↗
Wound ballistics of Swedish 5.56-mm assault rifle AK 5.
The recently adopted Swedish standard 5.56-mm assault rifle Ak 5, with ammunition 5.56-mm sk ptr 5 stkprj, closely similar to the Belgian weapon FNC, with corresponding ammunition SS 109, was fired against blocks of soft soap and against the muscular parts of the hind legs of live, anesthetised pigs. The behaviour and retardation of the bullets within the targets were recorded by means of a stereo, multiflash X-ray setup. The extent of the soft-tissue damage was evaluated in sections by means of debridement performed by a highly skilled surgeon. The excised tissue was then accurately weighed. The energy transfer characteristics and the wounding potential of the weapon are discussed.
Animals↗
Some observations relating to behind-body armour blunt trauma effects caused by ballistic impact.
Live, anesthetised pigs were used to assess behind-armour blunt trauma effects. The thoraco-abdominal body region was covered with varying thicknesses of Kevlar fabric packets. This soft body armour was applied, either in direct contact with the thoracic wall of the animals, or with different plastic foam sheets, so-called trauma packs, between the armour and the skin. The live animals were surgically evaluated, and then sacrificed. Blocks of soft soap were subjected to equal tests and the behind-armour indentations were measured. The results indicate that serious injury to the body armour-protected chest may be caused by the impact of nonpenetrating bullets and shotgun pellets. Severe pulmonary contusions and lacerations were found when the energy transferred through the body armour was estimated to be high.
Abdominal Injuries↗
Central and peripheral nervous damage following high-energy missile wounds in the thigh.
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Animals↗
Rupture of renal arterial aneurysm in pregnancy. Case report.
The case is described of a patient at term of her second pregnancy with spontaneous rupture of a renal arterial aneurysm, successfully delivered by caesarean section with primary repair of the renal artery. Sixteen cases have previously been reported, but only one was dealt with in a similar way. The literature is reviewed and the aetiology of pregnancy-related arterial aneurysm is discussed.
Adult↗
Peripheral high-energy missile hits cause pressure changes and damage to the nervous system: experimental studies on pigs.
The aim of the present study was to investigate pressure changes and possible damage to the central and peripheral nervous system induced by a high-energy missile striking a peripheral extremity. Anesthetized pigs were shot with a high-velocity missile (1,500 ms-1) in their left thigh. Transducers placed in the abdomen and brain recorded short-lasting bursts (1.0 to 1.5 ms) of oscillating pressure waves of high frequency. The amplitude of the pressure waves within the brain was about 125 KPa, and in the abdomen about 270 KPa, with a mean value of transferred energy from the missile of about 700 joules. Concomitantly, there were one or two apneic periods with a duration of a few seconds during the first minute after the shot. No significant changes in the heart rate, blood pressure, or other circulatory parameters were detected. Minor blood-brain and blood-nerve barrier damage occurred. It is concluded that the pressure waves caused by hits of peripheral parts of the body by high-energy missiles may be of such a large magnitude that distant damage to nervous tissue may result.
Abdomen↗
The influence of social relationships on aging and the development of cardiovascular disease--a review.
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Aging↗
Protein turnover in skeletal muscle tissue from patients with hyperparathyroidism and the effect of calcium in vitro.
Protein synthesis and degradation rates in muscle tissue from hypercalcemic and normocalcemic patients were compared. Both protein synthesis and degradation rates were similar in muscle tissue from patients with hyperparathyroidism and age-matched, normocalcemic patients. When Ca++ concentration in the incubation medium was increased, protein breakdown was stimulated in muscle tissue from normocalcemic and hypercalcemic patients, while protein synthesis was increased only in muscle tissue from hypercalcemic patients. The results indicate that protein turnover in muscle tissue is not affected by varying serum calcium levels, but can be regulated by increased Ca++ concentration in vitro.
Adenoma↗
Protein synthesis and degradation in liver tissue following induction of septic peritonitis in rats.
Protein synthesis and degradation in liver tissue were studied in rats following induction of septic peritonitis by ligation and puncture of the cecum. Protein synthesis was studied by determining the rate of leucine incorporation into protein in incubated liver slices. Protein degradation was measured in vitro as release of trichloroacetic acid soluble radioactivity from protein prelabelled with 14C-leucine and in vivo from decay of radioactivity in hepatic protein labelled with 14C-sodium bicarbonate. Measurements 24 hours after induction of septic peritonitis showed increase in liver weight and total hepatic protein content. Protein synthesis was higher in rats with septic peritonitis than in control rats 12 and 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture. Protein degradation was unchanged. The results support the concept that net production of hepatic protein is increased in septic peritonitis, due to accelerated synthesis and unchanged degradation. Since other hepatocellular functions were previously reported to be depressed in the same experimental model, the present results indicate that hepatic protein synthesis has high priority during sepsis.
Animals↗
Ultrasonic diagnosis of an aneurysm of the common hepatic artery.
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Aneurysm↗
Muscle devitalization in high-energy missile wounds, and its dependence on energy transfer.
Relations between the energy transferred by a high-velocity missile along a wound channel and the ensuing tissue destruction were studied in 25 live, anesthetized pigs. They were wounded in the muscular parts of the hind legs by an assault rifle bullet or by a spherical steel ball at about 1,000 m/s. The penetration of the assault rifle bullets was recorded by a stereo, multichannel flash X-ray arrangement. The energy transfer in the wound was evaluated from the X-rays. The wounds were surgically debrided in sections by a skilled surgeon. The energy transfer of the spherical steel bullets was measured. These animals had the thigh surrounded with a plaster of Paris cast, in order to suppress, as far as possible, the formation of the temporary cavity. The wounds were debrided. The amounts of tissue debrided were weighed and utilized as a measure of the extent of the injury. Good and consistent correlations between energy transfer and tissue debridement were obtained for the wound types studied. The amount of tissue debrided diminished by about 40% for the plaster-covered animals. Influence of boundary effects could be studied, and the results give indications of the mechanisms of missile wounding.
Animals↗
Changes of protein synthesis in liver tissue following ligation of hepatic artery or portal vein in rats.
The effects of short-term (1 h) complete liver ischemia, hepatic artery ligation (HAL) and portal vein ligation (PVL) on protein synthesis and ATP in liver tissue were studied in rats. Protein synthesis was measured by determining rate of amino acid incorporation into protein in incubated liver slices and was reduced to 34% of the control value after 1 h of complete liver ischemia. ATP was reduced from 3.2 to 0.28 mumol X g-1 wet weight. Following HAL for 1 h, protein synthesis was reduced to 63% of control value and ATP to 2.4 mumol X g-1 wet weight. No significant changes of protein synthesis or ATP were noticed 1 h after PVL. The results indicate that deprivation of hepatic arterial blood plays a greater role than exclusion of portal blood for impairment of protein synthesis in short-lasting liver ischemia. The effect of complete ischemia was more pronounced than the sum effect of HAL and PVL, suggesting that accumulation of metabolites and tissue acidosis might contribute to the consequences of abolished blood supply in liver ischemia. In another series of experiments the effects of HAL and PVL on protein synthesis and ATP in liver tissue were studied after 1, 3 and 7 days. Protein synthesis was reduced 1 day after HAL but normalized after 3 days, probably reflecting development of collaterals. Following PVL, protein synthesis was reduced after 1 day and remained depressed up to 7 days at which time it was 55% of the control value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Beneficial effect of allopurinol in liver ischemia.
The effect of allopurinol on protein synthesis, tissue water, and adenine nucleotides in liver tissue during and after a period of liver ischemia was investigated in rats. Ischemia was induced in the left and median liver lobes for 1 hour and experiments were continued for 2 hours after reperfusion. One group of animals (n = 20) received allopurinol (50 mg/kg body weight) intravenously 10 minutes before induction of liver ischemia. Control rats (n = 20) were given a corresponding volume of saline solution. Protein synthesis was measured by determining the rate of amino acid incorporation into protein in incubated liver slices. The reduction of protein synthesis and energy level in liver tissue and the increase of hepatic tissue water were similar in both groups of animals at the end of the ischemic period. During reperfusion the protein synthesis rate was higher and hepatic tissue water was lower in allopurinol-treated animals than in control rats. No significant differences in hepatic adenine nucleotides were found between the two groups of rats during ischemia or after reperfusion. The results demonstrated that improved protein synthesis and reduced tissue water in the postischemic liver after administration of allopurinol were not the result of improved restoration of adenine nucleotides. Inhibited production of oxygen-free radicals might be one mechanism by which allopurinol exerted its beneficial effect after liver ischemia.
Adenine Nucleotides↗
One instead of two knives for surgical incision. Does it increase the risk of postoperative wound infection?
We evaluated the rate of postoperative wound infection following the use of one or two knives for incision. The infection rate in 277 patients who were operated on with one knife was 3.6%, in 309 patients who were operated on with two knives the rate was 5.5%. This difference was not statistically significant. The limit of a one-sided confidence interval bound from the estimated difference of infection rates in the two groups of patients was 0.94% at a confidence level of 0.95. Thus, if there was any difference at all in favor of two knives with respect to infection, it was probably less than 1%. The present results indicate that the old surgical practice of discarding the skin knife and using a separate scalpel for the deep incision can be abandoned without increasing the risk of wound infection.
Adolescent↗
Effects of prophylactic antibiotics in vascular surgery. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study the effects on infection rates of a 1-day and a 3-day course of cefuroxime versus placebo were studied in patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. During a 30-month study period 211 patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups: Group I Placebo; Group II cefuroxime 1 day; Group III cefuroxime 3 days. Cefuroxime was administered intravenously (1.5 g every 8 hours) and the first dose was given 1 hour before surgery. Wound infection rates in the three treatment groups were: Group I 16.7%; Group II 3.8% (p less than 0.05 vs placebo); Group III 4.3% (p less than 0.05 vs placebo). One graft infection occurred in 110 patients at risk (0.9%) and this occurred in the placebo group. No allergic reactions or other side effects were noted in any of the treatment groups. No cefuroxime-resistant bacteria were found in Group II or III. In conclusion, prophylactic administration of cefuroxime during 1 day significantly reduced the incidence of infectious complications following peripheral vascular surgery. Extension of the prophylaxis beyond the day of surgery offered no additional effect. The study supports the use of short-term prophylactic antibiotics in vascular surgery.
Adult↗
Changes of protein metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle following trauma complicated by sepsis.
The effects of trauma (laparotomy) and trauma complicated by sepsis (laparotomy and ligation and puncture of the cecum) on protein metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle were studied in rats. Unoperated animals served as controls. Rate of amino acid incorporation into proteins was determined in incubated liver slices and bundles of muscle fibers. Proteolysis in skeletal muscle was measured as release of tyrosine from incubated muscle biopsies. Protein synthesis in liver tissue was increased by 42% following trauma and by 164% following trauma and sepsis. In skeletal muscle amino acid incorporation into proteins was reduced by 50% in both conditions while protein degradation was enhanced by about 70%. Thus when injury was complicated by sepsis the metabolic response was augmented in liver but not in skeletal muscle. One reason for this difference might be that changes of protein metabolism in trauma and sepsis are regulated by different mechanisms in liver and skeletal muscle. The results also indicate that increased amino acid supply from peripheral protein breakdown is not the only signal for enhanced hepatic protein synthesis in trauma and sepsis.
Amino Acids↗
Effects of penicillin G on local metabolic changes in skeletal muscle following high velocity missile injury.
The effect of systemic penicillin G treatment on the local tissue damage 12 h after a high velocity missile injury in skeletal muscle has been studied in pigs (n = 13). Blood pressure, rectal temperature, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrits, blood gases and acid base balances were followed and the tissue levels of ATP, creatine phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose and lactate were determined in control skeletal muscle as well as in muscle samples taken from the wound area. After 12 h all devitalized tissue was debrided and weighed. Penicillin G treatment slightly diminished the local tissue metabolic deterioration and significantly reduced the amount of debrided tissue as compared to untreated animals. It may be concluded that early treatment with penicillin G will considerably diminish the local tissue damage during the first 12-hour period following a high velocity missile injury.
Animals↗