Fixed dose combination therapy in the treatment of hypertension.
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Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
Biomedical subjects
T Stanton
Publications and source records attributed to T Stanton.
Antihypertensive drugs in the elderly--the evidence of benefit.
Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor. The commonest mode of death in the elderly is a cardiovascular one and so the treatment of hypertension in the elderly population is an important clinical objective. The choice of which antihypertensive drug to prescribe is expanding and an evidence-based approach should be applied. In recent years more studies have been carried out into the efficacy of the various antihypertensive drugs in the elderly. This review looks at the "hard" outcome data for each major drug class and their suitability for prescribing in the elderly. The differing drug classes are divided into 3 categories based on the weight of evidence supporting them--established, emerging, and add-on therapies. Currently, and until the publication of ongoing trials into newer therapies such as ACE inhibitors and calcium-channel blockers, outcome data suggests that thiazides remain the drug of first choice except where other therapies are indicated for coexistant conditions or more than one drug is required to achieve the desired response.
Aged↗
Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells by antidepressants and antihistaminics.
Based on molecular cloning studies, five different muscarinic receptor subtypes exist: m1, m2, m3, m4, and m5. We determined the affinity and selectivity of binding for sixteen antidepressants, two of their metabolites, and three antihistaminics (H1) at these subtypes. Using Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) transfected with genes for the human muscarinic receptor subtypes, we obtained equilibrium dissociation constants (Kds) from competitive radioligand binding studies with [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and membranal preparations of these cells. QNB was the most potent compound studied (Kd 30-80 pM). Mequitazine (Kd 6-14 nM) and amitriptyline (Kd 7-16 nM) exhibited the highest affinity among the antihistaminics and antidepressants, respectively. Among the antidepressants examined were the serotonin-selective drugs sertraline and fluoxetine, both of which displayed Kd values > 1 microM. The remaining antidepressants were moderate to weak antagonists with some eliciting no radioligand competition at high concentrations. The compounds studied showed no significant selectivity among the five cloned subtypes.
Animals↗
Developmental regulation of neurotensin receptor expression and function in murine neuroblastoma clone N1E-115.
Murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115) during their growth from log to late stationary phase, expressed no specific neurotensin binding sites until day 7 in culture. From day 7 to day 20, binding sites increased 6-fold in number/cell and more than 4-fold in sites/mg protein. Neurotensin-mediated cyclic [3H]GMP synthesis was not detected until day 17. For these cells these data show that neurotensin receptor binding and function are regulated with respect to growth cycle and that presence of neurotensin binding sites is not sufficient for receptor function.
Animals↗
Family stress and childhood asthma.
Eighty-six families, each with an asthmatic child, were studied in their normal environment. The relationships between the physical severity of asthma and the families' knowledge and feelings about the asthma were measured. The mean peak expiratory flow rate recorded prospectively for one week correlated (R = 0.33) with the symptom score. In the 73 families who knew their child had asthma, there was a significant relationship (R = +0.28) between the knowledge of physical signs of attack severity and knowledge of the drugs available for emergency therapy. The mean peak expiratory flow rate was inversely related to the practical effectiveness of the inhaler technique (R = 0.62) only when the 12 families in whom the child's mean peak expiratory flow rate was less than 90 per cent of predicted were examined. The parents' feelings of worry and fear, measured independently, related to the family's knowledge of physical indications of the severity of asthma attacks. Although the families' overall knowledge scores were poor, they were apparently adjusting appropriately to asthma as a psychological stress as it appeared that they sought more information if they were worried. Their comprehension should improve if such knowledge was correctly delivered. There is a need to explore more effective techniques for the education of such families.
Adult↗
Anti-Ly-1 antibody induces interleukin 2 release from T cells.
In this report we show that a signal provided by binding of anti-Ly-1 antibody to the Ly-1 cell surface protein, along with a second signal provided by mitogen, can trigger a T cell into activation and increase [Ca2+]i and the release of IL2. At optimal concentrations, the effects of anti-Ly-1 and IL 1 are additive, suggesting a different activation pathway for each.
Animals↗
Cytokine effects on a B-cell line.
The murine pre-B-like cell line, 70Z /3, has been shown to undergo differentiation in response to supernatants derived from concanavalin-A (Con A) stimulated rat spleen cells or ultraviolet light treated P388D1 macrophage cell line. After culture for 24 h with supernatant factors, normally membrane IgM negative 70Z /3 cells are induced to synthesize light chain and become high level membrane IgM expressors . The cytokine (s) responsible for inducing 70Z /3 cells to differentiate is different from interleukin-2 (IL-2), B-cell growth factor (BCGF), colony-stimulating factor (CSF) I and II, but one of the cytokines is either very similar or identical to interleukin-1 (IL-1). These results demonstrate that IL-1 or a molecule with very similar physical properties can act directly on a B-cell line and thus probably also on normal B cells to influence differentiation.
Animals↗
A sequence restriction in the variable region of immunoglobulin light chains from sharks, birds, and mammals.
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Amino Acid Sequence↗
Coping with stress on the job.
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Adaptation, Psychological↗