Biomedical subjects

T Toida

Publications and source records attributed to T Toida.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Effect of 6-O-sulfonate hexosamine residue on anticoagulant activity of fully O-sulfonated glycosaminoglycans.

Intact and fully O-sulfonated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronan, heparan sulfate and heparin were chemically de-O-sulfonated on their hexosamine C-6 position (6-O-desulfonation) using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) acetamide. 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemical compositional analysis showed that the chemical de-O-sulfonation at C-6 position of hexosamine residues in both intact and fully O-sulfonated GAGs was completely achieved. Since GAGs and their derivatives are often used as anticoagulant agents, their anti-amidolytic activities were determined. While most of anticoagulant activity of fully O-sulfonated GAGs (FGAGs) and heparin disappeared following chemical 6-O-desulfonation, the activity of 6-O-desulfonated fully O-sulfonated dermatan sulfate (De6FDS) remained. This observation suggests the importance of the position of O-sulfonate groups for anti-coagulant activity.

Anticoagulants↗

PubMed2000

Preparation and structural determination of dermatan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides.

Eight oligosaccharides were prepared from dermatan sulfate (DS) and their structures were elucidated. Porcine intestinal mucosal DS was subjected to controlled depolymerization using chondroitin ABC lyase (chondroitinase ABC). The oligosaccharide mixture formed was fractionated by low-pressure gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Size uniform mixtures of disaccharides, tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, octasaccharides, decasaccharides, and dodecasaccharides were obtained. Each size-fractionated mixture was then purified on the basis of charge by repetitive semi-preparative strong-anion-exchange (SAX) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This approach has led to the isolation of six homogeneous oligosaccharides. The size of the oligosaccharides were determined using GPC-HPLC. Treatment of tetrasaccharide and hexasaccharide fragments with Hg(OAc)2 afforded trisaccharide and pentasaccharide products, respectively. The purity of the oligosaccharides obtained was confirmed by analytical SAX-HPLC, and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The molecular mass and degree of sulfation of the eight purified oligosaccharides were elucidated using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and their structures were established with high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These DS-oligosaccharides are currently being used to study for interaction of the DS with biologically important proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Mutagenicity of bovine lactoferrin in reverse mutation test.

The mutagenicity of bovine lactoferrin, which is an iron-binding glycoprotein in milk, was evaluated by the Ames mutagenicity test. A total of 5 test strains including 3 base-pair substitution-type strains, Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, and 2 frameshift-type strains, TA98 and TA1537, were used in the test. The test was performed by both the direct method and the metabolic activation method with preincubation applied in each instance. The concentration range of the test solution was 0.16 to 5.00 mg/100 microliters (plate). Results of the test revealed that the number of revertant colonies at each concentration of the test solutions was less than 1.4 times that of the control group. In the test system used, bovine lactoferrin did not exhibit mutagenicity.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Preparation and anticoagulant activity of fully O-sulphonated glycosaminoglycans.

Glycosaminoglycans including dermatan sulphate, hyaluronan, heparan sulphate and heparin were chemically modified by O-sulphonation. By altering the reaction conditions, products having a different degree of O-sulphonation could be obtained. Glycosaminoglycan derivatives were prepared having no free hydroxyl groups, with sulphoester group/disaccharide unit ratios of 4.0 for dermatan sulphate and hyaluronan, and sulphoester and sulphamide group/disaccharide unit ratios of 4.22 and 4.88 for heparan sulphate and heparin, respectively. 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that the fully O-sulphonated hyaluronan derivative had a glucuronate residue with an altered conformation. Since glycosaminiglycans and their derivatives are often used as anticoagulant/antithrombotic agents, their anti-amidolytic activities were determined. The anti-factor IIa activity of fully O-sulphonated dermatan sulphate, hyaluronan and heparan sulphate ranged from 40 to 80 units/mg, while no anti-factor Xa activity of the fully O-sulphonated glycosaminoglycans was detected. These values are lower than those reported for low-molecular-weight heparins and are consistent with the requirement of an antithrombin III pentasaccharide binding site for anti-factor Xa activity. Interestingly, the anti-factor Xa of heparin is lost by chemical O-sulphonation.

Anticoagulants↗

PubMed1999

Effect of fully sulfated glycosaminoglycans on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Fully sulfated heparin and other glycosaminoglycans, namely heparan, chondroitin, and dermatan sulfates, and hyaluronan have been prepared by using sulfur trioxide under mild chemical conditions. All these derivatives were assayed for antiproliferative activity on cultured bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (BPASMCs). No appreciable difference was found between heparin and fully sulfated heparin. Chondroitin and dermatan sulfates actually stimulated BPASMCs growth but full sulfonation made them strongly antiproliferative. Native hyaluronan was not antiproliferative but became strongly so after sulfonation. Neither acharan sulfate nor N-sulfoacharan sulfate had any antiproliferative activity. This suggests that O-sulfonation of the polysaccharide is critical for antiproliferative activity, whereas N-sulfonation of glucosamine residues is not.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Inhibition of hyaluronidase by fully O-sulfonated glycosaminoglycans.

We report a new flow injection assay (FIA) method for determining hyaluronidase activity and the inhibitory effects of chemical fully O-sulfonated glycosaminoglycans on this enzyme. The products of enzymatic action on hyaluronidase can be detected by FIA using fluorometric detection with the fluorogenic reagent 2-cyanoacetamide. The major products derived from hyaluronan by the action of mammalian testicular hyaluronidase (a hydrolyase) were confirmed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis. The FIA method was next applied to the assay of hyman urinary hyaluronidase activity and the screening of hyaluronidase inhibitors. The human urinary hyaluronidase activity measured ranged from 46 to 59 turbidity reducing units/mg protein. Among the glycosaminoglycans only heparin showed hyaluronidase inhibition. Chemically O-sulfonated glycosaminoglycans showed IC(50) values of hyaluronidase inhibition that correlated with the degree of O-sulfonation. Heparin was found to inhibit hyaluronidase activity noncompetitively, while chemically O-sulfonated HA strongly inhibited hyaluronidase through both competitive and noncompetitive effects.

Enzyme Inhibitors↗

PubMed1999

A new sulfated beta-galactan from clams with anti-HIV activity.

A new polysaccharide composed of galactan sulfate with a beta-(1-->3)-glycosidic linkage has been isolated from the marine clam species Meretrix petechialis. The polysaccharide was homogeneous in its composition containing D-galactose. The glycosidic linkage was examined by 2D DQF-COSY and 2D NOESY spectroscopy. The coupling constant of anomeric proton was 7.8 Hz, suggesting a beta-galacto configuration. The downfield shift of H-2 of galactose residue demonstrated the presence of 2-O-sulfonate group. TQF-COSY confirmed that the C-6 position was substituted with a sulfonate group. The anti-HIV activity of the polysaccharides has been evaluated by the inhibition of syncytia formation. The fusion index and percentage fusion inhibition of sulfated galactan were 0.34 and 56% at 200 micrograms/mL.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Oral absorption and clearance of partially depolymerized fucosyl chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber.

Partially depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG), a fucosyl chondroitin sulfate chains isolated from sea cucumber, was administered by the intravenous and oral routes to experimental animal. After intravenous injection, clearance of DHG, as measured by the postcolumn HPLC, displayed complex kinetics that were not dose dependent. DHG was excreted unchanged in the urine. No degradation products of DHG were detected by either gel filtration or anion exchange HPLC at any time in plasma, indicating that administered DHG is not catabolyzed by mammalian. Anion exchange chromatographic behavior of DHG excreted into urine after oral administration showed that partial desulfation might occur through intestinal absorption. After oral administration of DHG (50 mg/kg), 0.1% of the dose was found in urine collected for 24 hours. More than 5% of intravenously administered DHG (1 mg/kg) was excreted into urine in 24 hours. These results are suggesting that orally administered macromolecules such as DHG are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1999

The major acidic glycolipids from the kidney of the Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus keta): characterization of a novel ganglioside, fucosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-GM1.

Two fractions of a major ganglioside from the kidney of the pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, were eluted from a DEAE-Sephadex column in the monosialosyl fraction. The faster moving ganglioside (X1) on TLC was separated from the slower moving one (X2) by HPLC using a silica beads column. By methylation analysis, chemical and enzymatic degradation, reaction with monoclonal antibodies, LSIMS, and (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, X1 was determined to be a monosialosyl ganglioside belonging to the ganglio-series with a unique Fucalpha1-3GalNAc linkage at the nonreducing terminal: Fucalpha1-3GalNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-3GalNAcbeta1-4[ NeuAcalpha2-3]Galbeta 1-4Glcbeta1-1Cer. Analysis of the lipophilic moiety indicated predominance of 24:1 fatty acid in combination with sphingenine. X2 was found to have a glycon structure identical to X1. The ceramide of X2 consisted predominantly of saturated fatty acids (18:0 and 16:0). The tissue concentrations of X1 and X2 in kidney were 3.7 and 2.8 nmol/g, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Alterations of hairless mouse skin exposed to chronic UV irradiation and its prevention by hydrocortisone.

Ultraviolet-induced alterations of skin were investigated in a murine animal model. Groups of hairless mice were exposed to UV (black light, lambda max 352 nm; UV distribution: 300-310 nm, 0.9%; 310-320 nm, 2.0%; 320-420 nm, 97.1%) for 20 weeks at a dose of 16.3 J/cm2 five times weekly on weekdays. At the end of 20 weeks irradiation, the dorsal skins were biochemically and histologically examined. Ultraviolet caused remarkable increases in amounts of hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfates in skin (microgram/cm2). Interestingly, a significant change in a collagen content (hydroxyproline, microgram/g of dry powder) caused by UV irradiation was not observed, whereas the amount of collagen (hydroxyproline, microgram/cm2) increased remarkably. Histologically, no distinguishable thickening was observed in both upper dermis and lower dermis, but thickening of the epidermis was observed. Furthermore, the histological study indicated that UV irradiation caused a disappearance of crowds of adipocytes, alternative appearance of numerous fibroblasts and accumulation of collagen bundles and hyaluronan in lower dermis. Hydrocortisone, an anti-inflammatory agent, prevented both the fibrosis of lower dermis and the accumulation of the extracellular matrix components. Based on these results, it seems reasonable that UV penetrates into the lower dermis and causes fibrosis there, resulting from the inflammatory responses.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Lactoferrin].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Chemical sulfonation and anticoagulant activity of acharan sulfate.

Acharan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan prepared from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. This polysaccharide has a repeating disaccharide structure of -->4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-alpha-D-glucopyranose (1-->4)-2-sulfo-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid (1-->). Its structure is related to heparin and heparan sulfate but is distinctly different from all known members of these classes of glycosaminoglycans. Because of its structural similarities to heparin, chemically modified acharan sulfate was studied to understand the chemical structure effected its anticoagulant activity. After de-N-acetylation, acharan sulfate was N-sulfonated using either chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine or sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex. The sulfate level in these products ranged from 22 to 24%(w/w), significantly less than that of heparin at 36%. The molecular weight of both N-sulfoacharan sulfates were comparable with that of heparin. In vitro anticoagulant activity assays showed that N-sulfoacharan sulfate derivatives were moderately active for the inhibition of thrombin and neither product showed any measurable anti-factor Xa activity. The differences in the activities of N-sulfoacharan sulfates produced by these two methods are probably ascribable to a small level of concomitant O-sulfonation obtained when using chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Formation of a complex containing ATP, Mg2+, and spermine. Structural evidence and biological significance.

The conformation of ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and/or spermine was studied by 31P and 1H NMR, to clarify how polyamines interact with ATP. Spermine predominantly interacted with the beta- and gamma-phosphates of ATP in the presence of Mg2+. A conformational change of the beta- and gamma-phosphate of ATP with spermine could not be observed in the absence of Mg2+ by 31P NMR. It was found by 1H NMR that the conformation of adenosine moiety of ATP was not influenced significantly by spermine. The binding of Mg2+ to ATP was slightly inhibited by spermine and vice versa. The results indicate that the binding sites of Mg2+ and spermine on ATP only partially overlap. The PotA protein, an ATP-dependent enzyme, was used as a model system to study the biological role of the ATP-Mg2+-spermine complex. The ATPase activity of PotA was greatly enhanced by spermine. Double reciprocal plots at several concentrations of spermine as an activator indicate that spermine interacts with ATP, but not with PotA. The activity of protein kinase A was also stimulated about 2-fold by spermine. The results suggest that a ternary complex of ATP-Mg2+-spermine may play an important role in some ATP-dependent reactions in vivo and in the physiological effects of endogenous polyamines.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters↗

PubMed1998

Conformational changes and anticoagulant activity of chondroitin sulfate following its O-sulfonation.

Chondroitin sulfate from bovine tracheal cartilage, with the basic structure (4-O-sulfo-D-GalpNAc beta-1-->4-D-GlcpA)n, was chemically modified by O-sulfonation. Depending on the reaction conditions, the products showed a different degree of O-sulfonation. A fully O-sulfonated chondroitin sulfate, having no free hydroxyl groups, and a sulfo ester group:disaccharide unit ratio of 4.0 was prepared. This chondroitin sulfate derivative was shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy to have a uronate residue with an altered conformation. Usually, the uronate residue in chondroitin sulfate resides in the 4C1 form. Fully O-sulfonated chondroitin sulfate had an uronate residue in the 1C4 form at 30 degrees C, similar to the preferred conformation of the 2-O-sulfo-iduronate residue most commonly found in heparin. The 2S0 form of the uronate residue was also found in fully O-sulfonated chondroitin sulfate at 60 degrees C. The anti-factor IIa activity of fully O-sulfonated chondroitin sulfate was 40 units/mg. This value is similar to the activities reported for various low-molecular-weight heparins, and substantially higher than those previously reported for partially O-sulfonated chondroitin sulfates having an average sulfate group/disaccharide unit of 2.5 to 3.3. The anti-factor Xa activity of the fully O-sulfonated chondroitin sulfate was 12 units/mg. This value is considerably lower than the activities reported for various low-molecular-weight heparins, consistent with the critical importance of an antithrombin III pentasaccharide binding site for anti-factor Xa activity. These findings suggest that the conformational change of glucuronic acid residue in chondroitin sulfate resulting from its full O-sulfonation can result in enhanced anticoagulant activity, particularly as measured by anti-factor IIa assay.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Determination of the structure of oligosaccharides prepared from acharan sulfate.

The fine structure of acharan sulfate, a recently discovered glycosaminoglycan isolated from Achatina fulica , was examined. This glycosaminoglycan has a major disaccharide repeating unit of -->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1--> (where GlcNpAc is N -acetylglucosamine, IdoAp is iduronic acid, and S is sulfate) making it structurally related to both heparin and heparan sulfate. Using heparin lyases prepared from Flavobacterium heparinum and a newly isolated heparinase from Bacteroides stercoris , the controlled enzymatic depolymerization of acharan sulfate was undertaken to prepare a mixture of oligosaccharides. Fractionation of this mixture of oligosaccharides by strong-anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography afforded oligosaccharides that capillary electrophoresis established were sufficiently pure for structural characterization. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry identified two series of oligosaccharides, one derived from acharan sulfate's major repeating unit and a second minor group of undersulfated oligosaccharides. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy established the structure of these two classes of oligosaccharides to be DeltaUAp2S(1-->[4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S (1-->]n4)- D-GlcNpAcalpha,beta (where n = 0,1,2,3 and DeltaUAp is 4-deoxy-alpha-L- threo -hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid) and DeltaUAp(1-->[4)- alpha-D-GlcNpAc(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1-->]m-D-GlcNpAcal pha,beta (where m = 1,2,3). These results suggest the presence of minor sequence variants in acharan sulfate containing unsulfated iduronic acid having the structure -->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp(1-->.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Characterization of a Bacteroides species from human intestine that degrades glycosaminoglycans.

Polysaccharide lyases that can degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were identified in an anaerobic strain living in the human intestine. The strain was isolated from the stool of a healthy male and identified as Bacteroides sp. strain HJ-15. A detailed taxonomical study indicated the species is a strain of Bacteroides stercoris. The isolate was cultured and the polysaccharide lyase activity was partially purified. This enzyme preparation could act on GAGs containing either glucosamine or galactosamine suggesting the presence of both heparinases and chondroitinases. Various GAGs were incubated with the partially purified enzyme and the products formed were analyzed by strong anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These studies demonstrated the presence of at least two types of polysaccharide lyases: heparin lyase and chondroitin sulfate lyase. The eliminative mechanism of these lyase enzymes was confirmed through the isolation of unsaturated disaccharide products. The heparin lyase acted on both heparin and acharan sulfate, a GAG recently isolated from Achatina fulica. The Bacteroides chondroitin lyase, acted on chondroitin sulfates A, B (dermatan sulfate), and C, resembling chondroitin lyase ABC. The presence of a GAG-degrading organism in human intestine may pose problems for the effective oral administration of GAG drugs.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1998

Characterization and determination of human urinary keratan sulfate.

Keratan sulfate was isolated from normal human urine and was characterized by sugar compositional analysis and H-NMR spectroscopy. It was found that KS from human urine is classified as skeletal type (KS-II type chain) with an O-glycosidic linkage between galactosamine and serine (or threonine). H-NMR studies revealed that urinary KS is not a proteoglycan but a polysaccharide (molecular weight is about 5 kDa). The quantitation of human urinary KS by HPLC showed that urinary KS is excreted at constant levels (0.07 +/- 0.015 microgram/mg creatinine).

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1997

Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorometric detection for the determination of heparin and heparan sulfate in biological samples: application to human urinary heparan sulfate.

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of unsaturated disaccharides produced from heparin and heparan sulfate is described. Heparan sulfate was depolymerized using a combination of heparin lyase I (EC 4.2.2.7), heparin lyase II and heparin lyase III (EC 4.2.2.8). Seven unsaturated disaccharides were separated under isocratic conditions within 25 min using acetonitrile-H2O-0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)-3.0 M ammonium chloride (32:10:1:1) and were monitored by fluorescence detection using 2-cyanoacetamide as a post-column derivatizing reagent. As little as 2 pmol of a disaccharide could be detected with excitation at 346 nm and emission at 410 nm. This method was applied to the analysis of normal human urine. It was revealed that the concentration of normal human urinary heparan sulfate is 1.53+/-0.36 mg/mg creatinine (n=4).

Adult↗