PubMed1989
In developed countries, hypertension represents one of the most frequent diseases and is one of the most important risk factors of arteriosclerotic vascular disease e.g. to myocardial infarction or cerebral apoplexy. The etiology of hypertension is unknown in about 90% of cases. The heavy metals cadmium and lead occur in increasing amounts in the human environment. Numerous epidemiological studies and investigations using experimental animals have dealt with the putative relationship between cadmium and lead, and hypertension. The results to date have been quite controversial; thus the issue appears to be unresolved at present. In the present study scalp hair samples were collected from 100 non-smoking 30-to-50-year-old men. After washing, the samples were digested with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid in a teflon bomb and analyzed by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. For 90% of the test persons the cadmium hair values were in the range of 0 to 1400 micrograms/kg; the corresponding range for hair lead was 0 to 13,000 micrograms/kg. Correlation with diastolic or systolic blood pressure was neither found for cadmium or lead. The test persons with the highest cadmium or lead load were not hypertensive. Some factors should be considered when comparing the present results with those of other investigators reporting a positive correlation in the question under consideration. 1. Previous studies in man frequently did not sufficiently take smoking habits into account. This is essential, however, because, in addition to cadmium and lead, nicotine and carbon monoxide are also constituents of tobacco smoke and contribute to an increase in blood pressure. 2. Previous investigations generally employed blood samples, which is disadvantageous in comparison with the analysis of hair because blood samples do not reflect long-term exposition, which is important in the etiology of chronic diseases. Correlation between hypertension and levels of long-term cadmium and lead exposure in man seem to be unlikely in light of the present results. Nevertheless, numerous potential effects should be considered to obtain further insight in the complex pathogenesis of hypertension.