PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

T W Lombardo

Publications and source records attributed to T W Lombardo.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Effects of smokeless tobacco-related sensory and behavioral cues on urge, affect, and stress.

The hypothesis that smokeless tobacco-related sensory and behavioral cues can act as conditioned stimuli was tested in a counterbalanced double-blind experimental design. The nicotine content of snuff smokeless tobacco (ST) was manipulated for 24 male ST users by mixing ST with an ST substitute. Affect was manipulated through imagery scripts, stress was induced by a mental arithmetic task, and physiological measures and self-reported affect, stress, and urge for ST were collected. Urge for ST was consistently reduced regardless of the nicotine content in the ST conditions. Urge was increased by the stress manipulation and by negative affect when compared with positive affect. Urge for ST was positively correlated with stress and negative affect but was not correlated with positive affect. Physiological arousal was not related to urge. Results generally parallel studies of smoking and suggest that ST substitute products may aid ST cessation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Caffeine, but not time of day, increases whole-arm physiological tremor in non-smoking moderate users.

1. Consumptive levels of caffeine significantly increased whole-arm physiological tremor in young adult males at 3 but not 1 mg caffeine/kg bodyweight. 2. Physiological tremor was not affected by time of day (TOD) or the interaction of caffeine and TOD. 3. Findings suggest that ingestion of a single oral dose of caffeine at typical consumptive levels results in measurable changes in physiological functioning and that whole-arm physiological tremor is a sensitive measure of physiological change due to drug effects. 4. However, the results suggest that whole-arm physiological tremor may not detect reliably TOD changes in functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Caffeine and time of day effects on a force discrimination task in humans.

The effects of caffeine (0 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg) and time of day (TOD) on human performance were studied using a multiple forceband discrimination task (MFDT) and subjective ratings. Self-rated measures of energy level were affected by TOD and caffeine, while mood was affected by TOD. Energy level decreased throughout the day and was offset by caffeine which increased energy level independent of TOD. Self-reported anxiety was not affected by TOD or caffeine. Mood was affected by TOD in a complex cubic trend with late morning and late evening peaks 12 h apart. MFDT performance was affected by TOD, caffeine dosage, and their interaction. Trend analyses showed varying patterns of TOD effects across peak force variability, response latency, response duration, and correct responding. Results support and extend previous findings of TOD influences on the MFDT and support the utility of multicomponent proprioceptive tasks for examining drug effects on performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Oral habits and TMJ dysfunction in facial pain and non-pain subjects.

Multifactorial theories for facial pain aetiology have been proposed in the past, although little research has been produced to support a multifactorial aetiology. The present study assessed self-rated oral habits over a 7 day period for facial pain and non-pain subjects with and without a clinical symptom of TMJ dysfunction. The results indicate a significant effect for TMJ dysfunction and teeth clenching and an interaction between TMJ dysfunction and facial pain for biting of the lips and mouth. A significant chi-square test showed that most non-pain controls with TMJ dysfunction reported that they never clenched. The results are discussed in terms of support for a multifactorial aetiology in some facial pain patients and the need for future research to delineate subgroups of facial pain and non-pain subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Time of day effects on a human force discrimination task.

Although numerous studies have demonstrated reliable relationships between various human performance measures and time of day, disagreement exists concerning the shape of these relationships and their dependence on task variables. Most perceptual-motor tasks emphasize responsiveness to exteroceptive stimuli. We used a multiple force-band discrimination task that requires responsiveness to both exteroceptive and proprioceptive information. Results for a response duration measure showed a quadratic time of day trend similar to previously reported performance tasks. Response latency to the force emission cue and number of correct inband force emissions showed cubic time of day trends not typically reported in the time of day and performance literature. These results have implications for time-of-day effects on real world perceptual performance.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1991

A "bug-in-the-eye" can be better than a "bug-in-the-ear". A teleprompter technique for on-line therapy skills training.

The only existing method of therapy supervision that provides on-line feedback to trainees is the "bug-in-the-ear," an auditory communication system. Although this system has several advantages over supervision strategies that use retrospective accounts, audio- and videotapes, and direct observation on sessions, it is disruptive to the trainee and must be limited to strategically timed three- or four-word communications. We describe and discuss advantages of the "bug-in-the-eye," an alternative to the bug-in-the-ear, which provides visual on-line feedback for therapist skill training.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1990

Effect of pCPA on nicotine-induced analgesia.

This study investigated the effect of para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), on nicotine-induced analgesia. pCPA reduces physiological levels of 5-HT, a neurotransmitter that has been linked to pain. The effects of naloxone HCl and mecamylamine HCl on this analgesia were also assessed. Subjects were 24 albino rats. Each group of eight rats was injected subcutaneously (SC) with nicotine sulphate, followed by an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of one of the potential antagonists. Behavioral analgesia was assessed using the tail-flick test. Data analysis revealed that pCPA did not affect nicotine-induced analgesia. Consistent with past research, naloxone also had no effect, and mecamylamine effectively eliminated this analgesia. The results are interpreted in light of current knowledge of this behavioral analgesia and pain perception, in general.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1990

Self-monitored smoking motives.

The motives for smoking in 73 low, medium, and high rate smokers were surveyed and were evaluated the validity of the Reasons for Smoking scale (RFS) by correlating RFS scores with self-monitored reasons for smoking. Combined sample correlations were significant for 5 of the 6 RFS reasons. However, all correlations were modest, the number of correlations varied with smoking rate, and the RFS was not a valid measure of pleasurable relaxation, the reason most frequently reported during self-monitoring. The unexpected finding that pleasurable relaxation, not reduction of negative affect, was the most frequently endorsed reason conflicts with previous surveys, almost all of which sampled older smokers. Smoking behavior of younger smokers may differ from older smokers in ways important to the study of smoking motivation. These differences may explain why experimental studies with undergraduates generally find no relationship between smoking and negative affect while studies with older subjects do.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Oral habits in common between tension headache and non-headache populations.

Previous research has suggested a relationship between migraine pain and oral habits. The present study was designed as a replication of a prior study that found self-reported higher frequencies of certain oral habits in migraine as opposed to tension headache and non-headache groups. Three groups of subjects (common migraine, tension headache and non-headache) were given a single questionnaire in which five oral habits (i.e. teeth clenching, jaw jutting, cupping the chin in the hand, and resting the right and left side of the face on the hand) were rated on a 0 (not at all) to 10 (almost always) scale. Significant main effects were obtained for groups and oral habits in a 3 (groups) X5 (oral habits) ANOVA. Post hoc Tukey tests revealed the common migraine group reported significantly more frequent oral habits than did the tension headache group. The non-headache control group did not differ significantly from either headache group. Discussion focuses on the need for continued research in this area.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Failure to support the validity of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire as a measure of physiological tolerance to nicotine.

We tested the validity of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire as a measure of physiological tolerance to nicotine. Both clinical and laboratory studies found neither the total questionnaire score nor the individual questionnaire items were related to physiological tolerance as measured by heart rate, skin conductance, blood volume pulse, and skin temperature responses to smoking a cigarette. We hypothesize the questionnaire measures behavioral dependence or perceived dependence rather than physical dependence.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of cigarette smoking on phobic anxiety.

Smokers report that smoking reduces anxiety. However, experimental research on the anxiety-reducing effects of smoking is limited to two self-report studies, both of which have methodological problems. We tested the effects of smoking on self-reported anxiety and avoidance behavior in a behavioral avoidance test (BAT) using a large white rat. In a counterbalanced within subjects design, 20 rat phobic female smokers smoked or were smoking deprived in two separate administrations of the BAT. A second group of 20 rat phobic nonsmokers also received two BATs. Subjects manifested substantial anxiety during BATs. However, neither smoking condition nor smoker versus nonsmoker status affected self-reported or motoric anxiety. Although smoking did not reduce anxiety in this study, smoking may affect anxiety in other situations, such as social settings, where the stimulus is more diffuse or less intense. It may also affect anxiety in individuals who are heavier smokers than our subjects, who smoked only 10-20 cigarettes per day.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1987

The influence of sleep duration on headache pain and frontalis EMG.

Recent evidence has been presented suggesting that 'depression' headaches and classic migraines may be related to extended sleep duration. This analogue study was designed to evaluate the possibility that mild to moderate headaches induced by excessive sleep might be related to increased muscle activity. Eight subjects who experienced headaches as a function of increasing sleep duration by 2 h were evaluated in headache (i.e., extended sleep) and a non-headache (i.e., normal sleep) conditions. Sex- and sleep-duration matched controls were evaluated under the same sleep conditions, although none experienced headaches. Frontalis electromyographic (EMG) data were evaluated in a 2 X 2 analysis of variance. The results indicated no EMG differences between groups or across sleep conditions, even though all experimental subjects experienced headaches on the extended sleep night. Discussion focuses on the implication of these results for future headache research.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1987

Masticatory muscle activity as a function of parafunctional, active and passive oral behavioural patterns.

Oral behavioural patterns have received limited empirical support for their causal role in the development of head and facial pain. The present study was designed to assess electromyographic (EMG) variations in six muscle groups (i.e., bilateral masseter, temporalis and orbicularis oris) as a function of various oral behavioural patterns. A second purpose was to determine whether mandibular movement patterns and specific oral behaviours could be predicted by EMG patterns. Eleven non-pain subjects followed each of twenty oral behavioural patterns while EMG was recorded. Electromyographic change scores were computed for each behaviour relative to baseline measures. Initial analyses were performed using factorial repeated measures ANOVAS. Using post hoc analyses as general guides, specific EMG criteria were developed for classifying mandibular movements. For most subjects, EMG patterns accurately classified teeth clenching, protrusive/retrusive movements, right movements, left movements and lip movement patterns. Wide individual variations were found among muscle groups for identical behaviours. The association between particular oral behaviours and EMG patterns may explain 'sinus' headaches and certain types of facial pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The nicotine paradox: effect of smoking on autonomic discrimination.

Smoking reduces negative affect while it increases sympathetic nervous system activity. However, theories of emotion predict that increased autonomic arousal should increase rather than reduce negative affect. One explanation for this paradox is that nicotine interferes with perception of autonomic activity. We evaluated the effect of smoking on autonomic activity perception by measuring performance on a heartbeat detection task after a high or low dose of nicotine or not smoking. A group of nonsmokers also completed the task. Results failed to support the hypothesis. In light of previous research, the results suggest EMG perception may be more important to the negative affect reduction phenomenon than perception of autonomic activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Common migraine: a review and proposal for a non-vascular aetiology.

A brief review of the literature related to migraine headaches is presented. Information is presented on the epidemiology and diagnostic criteria of migraine headaches and is followed by a discussion on the problems inherent in the current classification system. Previously proposed vascular mechanisms of common migraine are discussed in the light of recent non-supporting data and a possible link between common migraine and orofacial pain dysfunction syndromes is proposed. The role of oral behavioural patterns and related muscular/temporomandibular joint problems are advanced as probable factors related to common migraine. The discussion focuses on the need to distinguish classic from common migraine headache sufferers in assessment and treatment outcome studies, as well as suggesting future avenues of research.

Facial Muscles↗