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Biomedical subjects

T W MacFarlane

Publications and source records attributed to T W MacFarlane.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Acute suppurative parotitis in outpatients: microbiologic and posttreatment sialographic findings.

The presenting clinical features of twenty-seven cases of acute suppurative parotitis seen in the Oral Medicine Unit, Glasgow Dental Hospital, between 1975 and 1985 are reviewed. The microbiologic findings plus the management and subsequent findings on sialography after recovery are summarized. Of the microorganisms isolated, alpha-hemolytic streptococci predominated, with many other bacteria similar in range to those reported in previous studies. Microbiologically, the drug of choice was erythromycin, closely followed by ampicillin. Sialography in the posttreatment phase demonstrated a local salivary gland abnormality in 70% of patients, and 22% of patients had a generalized salivary gland disorder. On the basis of these findings, a management regime for patients with acute suppurative parotitis is suggested.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Failure of post-bacteraemia delayed antibiotic prophylaxis of experimental rabbit endocarditis.

Twenty-one rabbits had a cannula placed in the left ventricle and 48 h later 1 ml of a culture of Streptococcus sanguis NCTC 7864 was injected into an ear vein. Six hours later, 400 mg/kg of amoxycillin was administered intramuscularly to 17 animals, the others acting as non-antibiotic treated controls. Two of the 17 rabbits died during the experimental period, and the cannula was incorrectly placed in another two. Five of the remaining 13 animals developed endocarditis. All controls developed endocarditis. Amoxycillin administered 6 h after an induced bacteraemia failed to prevent endocarditis in five (38%) of 13 rabbits.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1987

Attitudes of general dental practitioners towards the hepatitis B vaccine.

A postal survey of 295 general dental practitioners (GDP's) in the Greater Glasgow Area Health Board was undertaken to assess their acceptance and attitudes towards the plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine. Only 17% of the 144 dental practitioners who responded to the questionnaire had received the vaccine. Practitioners' reservations concerning their acceptance of the vaccine ranged from fear of side effects including AIDS, high cost and fear of recognition as a hepatitis B carrier. Forty-one percent of GDP's knowingly treated 'low risk' hepatitis B patients in their practices. When questioned of their knowledge of the other related viral causes of hepatitis, 59% were aware of non-A non-B hepatitis while only 8% were aware of delta hepatitis. In general, the survey indicated that the present hepatitis B vaccine has not been widely accepted by GDP's and general awareness of the causative agents of viral hepatitis is lacking.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1987

Carriage of Candida species in the oral cavity in diabetic patients: relationship to glycaemic control.

To study the possible relationship between the quality of glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus and the carriage of Candida species, the candidal carrier status of 412 diabetic patients was examined using an oral rinse technique and correlated with measurements of random blood glucose and total glycosylated haemoglobin. Candida was isolated in 210 diabetics (51%) with 13 patients (6%) carrying more than one species. The positive isolates were: Candida albicans (89%), Candida krusei (2.8%), Candida glabrata (2.8%), Candida tropicalis (6.2%), Candida stellatoidea (2.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (0.5%). No association was identified between carriage rates and the type of treatment of diabetes, or with the quality of glycaemic control. As in non-diabetic subjects, the carriage rates were higher in diabetic patients wearing dentures. Thus, the oral carriage of Candida in diabetic patients was independent of glycaemic control but in certain sub-groups the carriage rates were higher, and involved uncommon candidal species.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of Sabouraud dextrose and Pagano-Levin agar media for detection and isolation of yeasts from oral samples.

The sensitivities of Sabouraud dextrose agar and modified Pagano-Levin agar for the primary isolation of yeasts and the recovery of multiple yeast species from single clinical samples were compared by using oral-rinse samples. Although there was a highly significant positive correlation between the numbers of yeasts recovered from both media, modified Pagano-Levin agar was far superior in detecting multiple yeast species in a single sample. Of 150 oral samples containing yeasts, 23 (15.3%) contained more than one yeast species. The most frequent combination of different yeasts was Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata.

Candida↗
PubMed1987

A new simple method for biotyping Candida albicans.

A simple method which allows rapid, reproducible biotyping of Candida albicans isolates, and is suitable for use in any diagnostic medical microbiology laboratory is described. This system comprises three tests, the API ZYM system, the API 20C system, and a plate test for resistance to boric acid. The system differentiated a possible 234 biotypes, of which 33 were found amongst the 130 isolates of C. albicans taken from oral, genital and skin sites. Major biotypes found amongst oral and non-oral isolates were similar, although differences were found amongst minor biotypes. The new system was found to be reproducible, discriminatory, reasonably fast (48 h), easy to perform, and had no requirement for specialised equipment. Hence this biotyping system is suitable for use in diagnostic microbiology laboratories for epidemiological investigations of C. albicans infections.

Boric Acids↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate, amphotericin B and nystatin on the adherence of Candida species to denture acrylic.

Pretreatment of denture acrylic with nystatin, amphotericin B and chlorhexidine gluconate significantly reduced the subsequent adherence of Candida species to acrylic, although chlorhexidine and nystatin were more effective than amphotericin B. The duration of chlorhexidine-mediated inhibition of adherence (up to 19 days) was much longer than that of amphotericin B (24 h) or nystatin (48 h). Exposure of stationary-phase cells of Candida species for a short period to sublethal concentrations of chlorhexidine, or growth of Candida species with sublethal concentrations of chlorhexidine for 24 h resulted in a reduction in the ability of the yeasts to adhere to denture acrylic. The organisms grown in the presence of chlorhexidine were more susceptible to spheroplasting with Zymolyase 20T, indicating that chlorhexidine affects the cell surface composition of Candida species.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1986

Quantitative bacteriology of acute dento-alveolar abscesses.

A qualitative and quantitative bacteriological study was performed on pus specimens obtained by needle aspiration of 50 acute dento-alveolar abscesses. Most samples contained a mixture of species (average 3.3); 20 (40%) of the abscesses contained anaerobes alone, 3 (6%) contained facultative anaerobes only and the remaining 27 (54%) contained mixtures of both types of bacteria, with anaerobes predominating. In total, 166 bacterial strains were isolated, 75% of which were strictly anaerobic; the most common species were Peptococcus spp, Bacteroides oralis and B. melaninogenicus. Among facultative anaerobes, Streptococcus milleri was particularly common. The mean concentration of bacteria in each abscess was 10(6.9 +/- 0.2). The mean concentration of anaerobic bacteria was 10(6.2 +/- 0.1) and of facultatively anaerobic bacteria 10(5.7 +/- 0.2).

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effect of saliva and serum on the adherence of Candida species to chlorhexidine-treated denture acrylic.

The effect of saliva and serum on the adherence of five strains of Candida albicans and one each of C. tropicalis and C. glabrata to chlorhexidine-pretreated acrylic was measured in vitro. A four-fold dilution of saliva or serum significantly inactivated the fungicidal effect of chlorhexidine gluconate. Pretreatment of the acrylic with unstimulated mixed saliva for 30 min led to a reduced adherence for all the Candida strains tested, whilst a similar pretreatment with serum slightly increased adhesion. Moreover treatment of saliva- or serum-coated acrylic with chlorhexidine gluconate 2% reduced adherence by between 19% and 86%. The inhibition of yeast adherence by chlorhexidine persisted for up to 19 days after the exposure of the acrylic strips to the disinfectant.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1986

A new method for assessing the % of spirochaetes in subgingival plaque.

A new method for counting the numbers of spirochaetes in subgingival plaque is described. The technique involves the combined use of a negative stained preparation, dark field microscopy, and an image analysing system. Advantages of the method include: smears need not be made until 2 days after sampling, and can be examined microscopically for up to 1 year after preparation; reproducibility of counts are more than 90% and the data can be computerised. The new method should prove useful in the routine assessment of subgingival plaque from patients with various forms of periodontitis, and in epidemiological surveys.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1986

Growth and acid production of Candida species in human saliva supplemented with glucose.

Growth characteristic and acid production of oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata in glucose supplemented and glucose-free, pooled, human whole saliva were examined. Both Candida species exhibited sigmoidal growth curves in batch cultures of mixed saliva, supplemented with glucose. The growth of Candida in saliva was accompanied by a rapid decline in pH from 7.5 to 3.2 over 48 h and the major acidic components initiating and sustaining this pH drop were pyruvates and acetates. These acidic metabolites may play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral Candida infections.

Candida↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of oral rinse and imprint sampling techniques for the detection of yeast, coliform and Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the oral cavity.

The sensitivity of the impression culture, the neat rinse culture (NRC) and the concentrated rinse culture (CRC) methods in detecting the oral carriage of yeasts, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus was estimated in 75 individuals. The recovery of organisms from the imprint cultures of the tongue and the CRC was similar and there was highly significant positive correlation between the two techniques. The CRC was simple to perform, equally sensitive and superior in quantifying yeast, coliform and S. aureus carriage than the imprint culture technique. Hence, it is suggested that the CRC technique be preferentially employed in future investigations to obtain comparable data from different centres.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Biotypes of oral Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis isolates.

213 oral isolates of Candida albicans and 62 isolates of C. tropicalis were tested for their hydrolytic enzyme profiles with the API ZYM system. One major biotype accounted for more than 50% of the isolates and a number of minor biotypes was recognized in both Candida species. The enzyme profiles of the major biotypes were identical and one quarter of the C. tropicalis isolates possessed a beta-glucosidase which has not been previously described.

Candida↗