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Tien Yin Wong

Publications and source records attributed to Tien Yin Wong.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2025

Measures of retinal health successfully capture risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias at midlife.

BackgroundIdentification of at-risk individuals who would benefit from early intervention for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) is critical as new treatments are developed. Measures of retinal health could offer accessible and low-cost indication of pre-morbid disease risk, but their association with ADRD risk is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine whether midlife retinal neuronal and microvascular measures are associated with ADRD risk-index scores and individual domains of ADRD risk.MethodsData were from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a population-representative longitudinal New Zealand-based birth cohort study. 94.1% (N&#x2009;=&#x2009;938) of living Study members were seen at age 45 (2017-2019). Retinal neuronal (retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL)) and microvascular (arterioles and venules) measures were used as predictors. Outcome measures were four top ADRD risk indexes (CAIDE, LIBRA, Lancet, and ADU-ADRI), and a comprehensive midlife ADRD risk index, the DunedinARB.ResultsPoorer retinal microvascular health (narrower arterioles and wider venules) was associated with greater ADRD risk (&#x3b2;s&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.16-0.31; ps&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.001). Thinner RNFL was modestly associated with higher ADRD risk (&#x3b2;s&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.05-0.08; ps&#x2009;=&#x2009;0.02-0.13). Follow-up tests of distinct domains of ADRD risk indicated that while RNFL associations reflected cardiometabolic risk only, microvascular measures were associated with diverse ADRD risk factors.ConclusionsMeasures of retinal health, particularly microvascular measures, successfully capture ADRD risk across several domains of known risk factors, even at the young midlife age of 45 years. Retinal microvascular imaging may be an accessible, scalable, and relatively low-cost method of assessing ADRD risk among middle-aged adults.

Humans↗
PubMed2007

Age-related macular degeneration and risk of coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and all-cause mortality. DESIGN: Population-based prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (n = 12 536; age range, 49-73 years). METHODS: Participants had retinal photographs of one eye taken between 1993 and 1995. Photographs were evaluated for the presence of early and late AMD signs according to the Wisconsin grading system. Incident CHD events (acute myocardial infarction, silent myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, and cardiac revascularization procedures) and all-cause mortality were identified prospectively using standardized methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident CHD events and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Of 11,414 persons at risk of CHD, there were 555 (4.9%) with AMD at baseline, of whom 540 were early AMD and 15 were late AMD cases. Over a 10-year follow-up, 922 persons developed an incident CHD event. After controlling for age, gender, race, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pack-years of cigarette smoking, and other variables, early AMD was not associated with incident CHD (relative risk, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-1.42). However, individuals with late AMD were significantly more likely to have an incident CHD event, with 4 CHD events among the 15 participants with late AMD at baseline (10-year cumulative incidence, 30.9%) as compared with 918 CHD events among the 11 399 participants without late AMD (incidence of 10.0%; P = 0.049, Fisher exact test). In the full cohort (n = 12 536), early AMD was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality. However, individuals with late AMD were more likely to die (10-year cumulative mortality rate, 23.5%) than those without late AMD (mortality rate, 8.9%; P = 0.088, Fisher exact test). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide no evidence of an association between early AMD signs with incident CHD and all-cause mortality in middle-aged persons. Individuals with late AMD appear to have a higher rate of CHD events than those without late AMD, but due to a small number of late AMD cases, this finding should be interpreted cautiously.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

BMI and retinal vascular caliber in children.

OBJECTIVE: In adult populations, changes in retinal vascular caliber have been linked with obesity and metabolic syndrome. We examined the association of BMI and weight with retinal vascular caliber in children. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a school-based, cross-sectional study of 768 children, 7 to 9 years old, randomly sampled from the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia. Participants had digital retinal photographs. Retinal vascular caliber was measured using a computer-based program and combined to provide average calibers of arterioles and venules in that eye. Weight and height were measured using standardized protocol. These data were used to calculate BMI. RESULTS: In this population, the mean retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were 156.40 microm [95% confidence interval (CI), 155.44 to 157.36] and 225.43 microm (95% CI, 224.10 to 226.74) respectively. After controlling for age, gender, race, parental monthly income, axial length, birth weight, and birth length, each 3.1 kg/m2 (standard deviation) increase in BMI was associated with a 2.55-microm (95% CI, 1.21 to 3.89; p < 0.001) larger retinal venular caliber. In multivariable analysis, greater weight was also significantly associated with larger retinal venular caliber. BMI and weight were not associated with retinal arteriolar caliber. Height was not significantly associated with retinal arteriolar or venular caliber. DISCUSSION: Greater BMI and weight are associated with larger retinal venular caliber in healthy children.

Arterioles↗
PubMed2007

Measurement of retinal vascular caliber: issues and alternatives to using the arteriole to venule ratio.

PURPOSE: The arteriole to venule ratio (AVR) is widely used in studies of the associations of retinal microvascular disease with systemic and ocular outcomes. This is a discussion of the limitations of AVR; a comparison of its predictive information with that of its components, arteriolar and venular caliber; and a description of a suggested alternative method of modeling arteriolar and venular calibers directly. METHODS: Data from the population-based Blue Mountains Eye Study were used to compare the predictive information in models using AVR with models using arteriolar and venular calibers directly. Determination was made of how the apparent relationship between vessel caliber and two systemic outcomes (blood pressure [BP] and white blood cell count [WBC]) was influenced by the choice of regression model. These findings were interpreted with reference to the known biological relationship among vessel calibers, BP, and WBC. RESULTS: Models using arteriolar and venular calibers directly had more predictive information than models using AVR. The apparent relationship of vessel caliber to BP and WBC differed substantially, depending on the model chosen. For example, after adjustment for age, sex, and other covariates, decreasing venular caliber was associated with higher systolic BP when modeled separately, but was associated with lower systolic BP when modeled simultaneously with arteriolar caliber. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest AVR provides less information with regards to predicting systemic outcomes than its two components. Modeling arteriolar and venular calibers separately could be biased by confounding, while modeling both simultaneously appears to provide unbiased, biologically plausible results. The use of this approach is recommended in future research relating retinal vascular caliber to systemic or ocular outcomes.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Retinal vein occlusion and vascular mortality: pooled data analysis of 2 population-based cohorts.

PURPOSE: To assess the association of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality. DESIGN: Pooled data from 2 population-based cohort studies. PARTICIPANTS: At baseline, the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) examined 4926 persons aged 43 to 86 years (from 1988-1990) and the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) examined 3654 persons aged 49 to 97 years (from 1992 to 1994). METHODS: Retinal vein occlusion was assessed from retinal photographs. Vascular deaths were determined using either death certificates (BDES) or the Australian National Death Index (BMES). Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Vascular (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular) mortality was determined. RESULTS: Of 8384 baseline participants, 96 (1.14%) had RVO at baseline (BDES, n = 38; BMES, n = 58). Over 12 years, 1312 (15.7%) died of cardiovascular-related conditions and 341 (4.1%) died of cerebrovascular-related conditions. Age-standardized vascular mortality rates were 26.0% and 5.3%, respectively, in persons with RVO and 17.1% and 4.5%, respectively, in those without RVO. After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, glaucoma, and study site, RVO was not associated with cardiovascular-related mortality (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8-1.8) or cerebrovascular-related mortality (HR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.4-2.1) among participants of all ages. However, in persons aged less than 70 years, baseline RVO was associated with higher cardiovascular mortality (combined BDES and BMES: HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.2; BDES: HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 0.9-6.9; BMES: HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 0.7-6.8). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal vein occlusion in persons aged 43 to 69 years may signal a doubling of the risk of cardiovascular mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Quantitative retinal venular caliber and risk of cardiovascular disease in older persons: the cardiovascular health study.

BACKGROUND: Small vessel disease may contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease in older persons. We describe the relation of retinal vascular caliber to incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in elderly persons. METHODS: Prospective population-based cohort study composed of 1992 men and women aged 69 to 97 years living in 4 US communities. Retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were measured from retinal photographs using a computer-assisted method. Incident CHD and stroke events were ascertained using standardized methods. RESULTS: After 5 years of follow-up, there were 115 incident CHD events and 113 incident stroke events. Participants with larger retinal venular caliber had a higher incidence of CHD (11.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.7%-15.8%, vs 8.1%; 95% CI, 5.7%-11.6%), comparing largest with smallest venular caliber quartiles, and stroke (8.4%; 95% CI, 6.0-11.7, vs 5.8%; 95% CI, 3.9-8.4). At multivariable analysis, controlling for age, sex, race, arteriolar caliber, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, diabetes, glucose concentration, cigarette smoking, pack-years of smoking, and high-density-lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, larger retinal venular caliber was associated with incident CHD (rate ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.6-5.7, comparing largest with smallest venular caliber quartiles; P(trend) = .001) and incident stroke (rate ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.3; P(trend) = .02). Additional adjustment for C-reactive protein and common and internal carotid artery intimal-media thickness had minimal effect on these associations. At multivariable analysis, smaller retinal arteriolar caliber was associated with incident CHD (rate ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7, comparing largest with smallest arteriolar caliber quartiles; P = .03) but not stroke (rate ratio,1.1; 95% CI, 0.5-2.2; P = .73). CONCLUSION: Larger retinal venular caliber is independently associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly persons.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Associations between findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging and retinal photography in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study.

Associations between findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and retinal photographs have been described mostly in middle-aged people. In the Cardiovascular Health Study, 1,717 elderly participants underwent MRI and retinal photography between 1991 and 1999. Associations were sought between MRI findings and four findings of retinal microvascular disease: retinopathy, focal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking, and the arteriovenous ratio--the last based upon semiautomated measurements of arterioles and venules. After controlling for age and gender, the authors found associations between MRI findings and the smaller arteriovenous ratio (per standard deviation decrease): prevalent infarcts (odds ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.34; p = 0.007), white matter grade (regression coefficient, 0.093; p = 0.011), incident infarct (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.09, 1.46; p = 0.002), and worsening white matter grade (odds ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.29; p = 0.09). Arteriovenous nicking was also associated with prevalent (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval: 1.23, 2.76; p = 0.003) and incident (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval: 1.15, 2.94; p = 0.011) infarcts. Adjustment for hypertension and diabetes had minimal effect. Evidence of small vessel disease in the retina increases the likelihood of finding it in the brain. Associations were less prominent in this elderly population than have been described in middle-aged people.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Is early age-related macular degeneration related to carotid artery stiffness? The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Atherosclerosis and vascular stiffness have been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The association of carotid artery stiffness, a measure of arterial elasticity reflecting early atherosclerosis, with early AMD, was examined in this study. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional study of 9954 middle-aged people (age range 51-72 years). The presence of AMD signs was determined from fundus photographs according to the Wisconsin grading protocol. Carotid arterial stiffness was measured from high-resolution ultrasonic echo tracking of the left common carotid artery, and was defined as an adjusted arterial diameter change (AADCmu). A smaller AADC reflects greater carotid artery stiffness. The associations of pulse pressure and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) with early AMD signs were also analysed. RESULTS: In the study population, 454 (4.6%) had early AMD. The mean (SD) AADC was 403 (127) mu. After adjusting for age, sex, race/centre, education, cigarette smoking, fasting glucose, lipid profile and inflammatory markers, a smaller AADC was found to be not associated with early AMD (odds ratio 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.71 to 1.25) or its component lesions. Other measures of arterial stiffness (pulse pressure) and atherosclerosis (carotid IMT) were also not associated with early AMD. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid artery stiffness was not associated with signs of early AMD in this middle-aged population. These data provide no evidence of a link between age-related elastoid changes and early atherosclerotic processes in the carotid arteries and early AMD.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Age-related macular degeneration and risk for stroke.

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects 7 million persons 40 years of age and older in the United States. Risk factors for the disease are similar to those for stroke. OBJECTIVE: To determine what relationship, if any, exists between AMD and incident clinical stroke. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, which was conducted in Minnesota, Maryland, Mississippi, and North Carolina. PATIENTS: 10 405 persons between 49 and 73 years of age who had no history of stroke or coronary heart disease. MEASUREMENTS: Participants had retinal photographs taken between 1993 and 1995. A standardized protocol was used to evaluate the photographs for the presence of drusen and other signs of AMD. Incident stroke events were identified and validated by reviewing case records. RESULTS: There were 498 early-stage and 10 late-stage cases of AMD in the cohort (n = 508). Over a 10-year period, 241 persons had an incident stroke event. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and site, the authors found that persons with early-stage AMD had a higher cumulative incidence of stroke than those without the disease (4.08% vs. 2.14%). The presence of early-stage AMD was associated with a higher adjusted risk for stroke (hazard ratio, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.21 to 2.88]). Further adjustment for systolic blood pressure, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and use of antihypertensive medications did not substantially alter this association (hazard ratio, 1.85 [CI, 1.19 to 2.87]). The authors found that the association between early-stage AMD and stroke varied by study site and patient ethnicity. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 3.15 and 1.07 in samples of white patients in Minnesota and Maryland, respectively; 3.77 in a sample of African-American patients in Mississippi; and 0.33 in a sample of mostly white patients (91%) in North Carolina. No site included sufficient numbers of both African-American and white patients to determine whether ethnicity contributed to the observed differences by study site. LIMITATIONS: There were few cases of late-stage AMD, and the cohort assembly method prohibited full understanding of variation by ethnicity and site. CONCLUSION: Middle-aged persons with signs of early-stage AMD have a higher risk for stroke independent of traditional stroke risk factors.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Retinal arteriolar emboli and long-term mortality: pooled data analysis from two older populations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between retinal arteriolar emboli and mortality in older people. METHODS: Pooled data from 2 population-based cohort studies. At baseline, the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) examined 4926 persons 43 to 86 years of age (1988 to 1990), and the Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) examined 3654 persons 49 to 97 years of age (1992 to 1994). Retinal arteriolar emboli were assessed by grading retinal photographs using standardized methods. Deaths and causes of death were determined from death certificates or Australian National Death Index. Cox regression models were used to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HRs) associated with emboli, adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, study site, and past histories of stroke, angina, and acute myocardial infarct. RESULTS: Of 8580 baseline participants, 8384 (98%) had retinal photographs available, and 111 showed retinal arteriolar emboli (BDES n=61; BMES n=50). Over 10 to 12 years, 2506 participants (30%) died, including 344 (4%) from stroke-related and 1315 (16%) from cardiovascular causes. The cumulative mortality rates were higher in participants with than without emboli (all-cause 56% versus 30%; stroke-related 12% versus 4.0%; cardiovascular 30% versus 16%). The increased mortality risk associated with emboli was independent of age, gender, other vascular risk factors, and past histories of stroke or heart disease for all-cause (multivariate-adjusted HR, 1.3; CI, 1.0 to 1.8) and stroke-related mortality (HR, 2.0; CI, 1.1 to 3.8) but not for cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.2; CI, 0.8 to 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: Our pooled data from 2 older populations suggest that retinal emboli predict a modest increase in all-cause and stroke-related mortality independent of cardiovascular risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Apolipoprotein E gene and early age-related maculopathy: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and early age-related maculopathy (ARM) in middle-aged persons. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (n = 10139; age range, 49-73 years). METHODS: Retinal photography was performed on 1 randomly selected eye, and grading for presence of ARM was carried out using a modification of the Wisconsin ARM Grading System. Early ARM was defined as the presence of either soft drusen alone, retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation alone, or a combination of soft drusen with increased retinal pigment and/or depigmentation. DNA extracted from blood samples of participants were analyzed for common allelic variants of the APOE gene (epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of early ARM on retinal photographs. RESULTS: The prevalence of early ARM was similar in participants with different APOE genotypes: epsilon2/epsilon2 (5.9%), epsilon2/epsilon3 (5.2%), epsilon2/epsilon4 (3.2%), epsilon3/epsilon3 (5.2%), epsilon3/epsilon4 (4.9%), and epsilon4/epsilon4 (4.1%). After controlling for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, and other factors, early ARM was not associated with APOE genotypes, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-3.38) for epsilon2/epsilon2 genotype, an OR of 1.06 (95% CI, 0.80-1.40) for epsilon2/epsilon3 genotype, an OR of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.32-1.24) for epsilon2/epsilon4 genotype, an OR of 0.99 (95% CI, 0.80-1.24) for epsilon3/epsilon4 genotype, and an OR of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.47-1.63) for epsilon4/epsilon4 genotype, as compared with epsilon3/epsilon3 genotype (reference). No associations were found for specific early ARM signs or in analyses stratified by age, gender, race, or cigarette smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide no evidence of a strong association between the APOE gene and early ARM in middle-aged persons. This suggests that APOE is not likely a major determinant of the early stages of ARM in younger people. However, our study does not exclude the possibility of a weaker association or that APOE may influence only the development of late ARM in older populations, as reported in other studies.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic cohort in the United States.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic US population of whites, blacks, hispanics, and chinese. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 778 individuals from ages 45 to 85 years with diabetes, participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). METHODS: Retinal photographs were obtained with a 45 degrees nonmydriatic digital fundus camera. Presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy were graded at a central reading center on the basis of a modification of the Airlie House classification system. All participants underwent a standardized interview, examination, and laboratory investigations. RESULTS: In this population with diabetes, the prevalence of any retinopathy was 33.2% and macular edema 9.0%. The prevalence of any diabetic retinopathy and macular edema was significantly higher in blacks (36.7% and 11.1%) and hispanics (37.4% and 10.7%) than in whites (24.8% and 2.7%) and chinese (25.7% and 8.9%) (P = .01 and P = .007, comparing racial/ethnic differences for retinopathy and macular edema, respectively). Significant independent predictors of any retinopathy were longer duration of diabetes, higher fasting serum glucose, use of diabetic oral medication or insulin, and greater waist-hip ratio. Race was not an independent predictor of any retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides contemporary data on the prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among whites, blacks, hispanics, and chinese participating in the MESA.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Hypermetropia is not associated with hypertension: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

PURPOSE: An association between hypermetropia and hypertension was recently reported. We sought to verify this finding in the Blue Mountains Eye Study cohort (n = 3654; ages 49 to 97 years). DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: We defined hypermetropia as mean spheric equivalent refraction (SER) > 1.00 diopter, myopia as mean SER < -1.00 diopters, and emmetropia as mean SER < or = 1.00 diopters and > or = -1.00 diopters, inclusive. We used the 2003 World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension guidelines to define severe hypertension as grade 2 or higher. RESULTS: Of 1290 people who were at risk of the development of hypertension, 378 people developed incident severe hypertension after five years. The multivariate-adjusted relative risk of incident hypertension in persons with hypermetropia compared with those with emmetropia was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.26); the relative risk in persons with myopia was 1.22 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.56). CONCLUSION: Neither hypermetropia nor myopia was associated with incident hypertension in this older population.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in 4 racial/ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 4 racial/ethnic groups (white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese) that participated in the second examination of the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Six thousand one hundred seventy-six 45- to 85-year-old subjects selected from 6 United States communities. METHODS: Fundus images were taken using a 45 degrees digital camera through dark-adapted pupils and were graded for drusen size, type, area, increased retinal pigment, retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation, neovascular lesions, and geographic atrophy using the modified Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Age-related macular degeneration. RESULTS: Prevalences of AMD were 2.4% (black), 4.2% (Hispanic), 4.6% (Chinese), to 5.4% (white) (P<0.001 for any differences among groups). The highest prevalence of any AMD occurred in those 75 to 84 years old, varying from 7.4% in blacks to 15.8% in whites and Chinese (P = 0.03). Estimated prevalences of late AMD were 0.3% (black), 0.2% (Hispanic), 0.6% (white), and 1.0% (Chinese). These differences were marginally significant (age and gender adjusted, P = 0.08). The frequency of exudative AMD was highest in Chinese (age- and gender-adjusted odds ratio, 4.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-14.27) compared with whites. Differences in age, gender, pupil size, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking history, diabetes, and hypertension status did not explain the variability among the 4 racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low prevalences of AMD were found in the MESA cohort in all groups. A lower prevalence of AMD was found in blacks compared with whites. The higher prevalence of exudative AMD in Chinese needs further study.

Age Distribution↗