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Timo Kaakinen

Publications and source records attributed to Timo Kaakinen.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Hypertonic saline dextran improves outcome after hypothermic circulatory arrest: a study in a surviving porcine model.

BACKGROUND: Hypertonic saline dextran (HSD) has been shown to have neuroprotective properties. In the present study we have assessed its potential neuroprotective efficacy in the setting of hypothermic circulatory arrest in a surviving porcine model. METHODS: Twenty-four pigs were randomized to receive two 5-minute intravenous infusions (4 mL/kg) of either HSD (7.5 % saline, 6% dextran 70) or normal saline immediately after and 4 hours after a 75-minute period of hypothermic circulatory arrest at a brain temperature of 18 degrees C. RESULTS: The 7-day survival was 75% in the HSD group and 66% in the control group (p > 0.9). Brain total histopathologic score was lower in the HSD group (p = 0.01). Postoperative behavioral scores were higher in the HSD group on the second day after surgery (p = 0.03). Intracranial pressure was lower in the HSD group from 45 minutes to 8 hours after hypothermic circulatory arrest (p = 0.03). Cerebral perfusion pressure was higher in the HSD group from 45 minutes to 3 hours after hypothermic circulatory arrest (p = 0.06). Brain lactate concentration was lower in the HSD group when compared with controls (p = 0.05). Furthermore, brain glucose levels tended to be higher and brain lactate-pyruvate ratio and lactate-glucose ratio were lower in the HSD group. Brain tissue oxygen partial pressures were somewhat higher in the HSD group (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: The use of HSD in experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest is associated with significantly better neurologic recovery, better histopathology, lower intracranial pressure, higher cerebral perfusion pressure, and better preservation of brain metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Leukocyte filtration to decrease the number of adherent leukocytes in the cerebral microcirculation after a period of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest induce a systemic inflammatory response, including a cascade of leukocyte and endothelial cell activity, during the postischemic reperfusion phase. Accumulation of leukocytes in the brain can lead to neurologic problems after cardiac surgery. The beneficial effects of a leukocyte-depleting filter have been documented, but because of contradictory results the underlying function of the filter remains unclear. METHODS: Twenty-two juvenile piglets (6 to 8 weeks) were randomly assigned to undergo cardiopulmonary bypass with or without a leukocyte-depleting filter 60 minutes before and 60 minutes after a 75-minute hypothermic circulatory arrest at 18 degrees C. The cerebral vessels were visualized with intravital microscopy through a cranial window placed over the parietal cortex. Rhodamine staining was used to observe adherent and rolling leukocytes in the cerebral postcapillary venules. The animals were electively killed 1 hour after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the study groups regarding hemodynamic data. Numbers of adherent activated leukocytes were lower in the leukocyte filtration group, reaching borderline statistical significance when assessed throughout the experiment (between-groups P = .069) and actual statistical significance when assessed during the rewarming period (between-groups P = .029). CONCLUSION: The leukocyte-depleting filter succeeded in reducing the number of adherent leukocytes during the reperfusion period in an experimental operation with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Such a filter thus could mitigate cerebral reperfusion injury after cardiac surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Aprotinin to improve cerebral outcome after hypothermic circulatory arrest: a study in a surviving porcine model.

BACKGROUND: Aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor, which is usually used during cardiac surgery to reduce blood loss. There is evidence that aprotinin has neuroprotective effects during ischemia. We planned this study to evaluate its potential neuroprotective efficacy during hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). METHODS: Twenty piglets with a median weight of 25.7 kg (interquartile range, 23.9-26.6) were randomly assigned to receive aprotinin or placebo prior to a 75-minute period of HCA at 18 degrees C. Brain microdialysis parameters and neurological and histological scores were the primary outcome measures. RESULTS: Changes in brain metabolic parameters and histopathological findings were favorable in the aprotinin group. Brain lactate concentrations were significantly lower in the aprotinin group during the experiment (P = .02) along with blood lactate concentrations in the aprotinin group (P = .023). Brain glucose was significantly higher during the experiment (P = 0.02). Intracranial pressure tended to be higher in the control group. Two of 10 animals in the aprotinin group and 4 of 10 in the control group failed to reach full recovery on the seventh postoperative day. Four animals of 10 in the aprotinin group and 6 animals of 10 in the control group had brain infarction (P = .40). CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that aprotinin mitigates cerebral damage and improves neurological outcome following a period of HCA.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Propofol is associated with impaired brain metabolism during hypothermic circulatory arrest: an experimental microdialysis study.

BACKGROUND: Propofol is a widely used anesthetic in cardiac surgery. It has been shown to increase cerebrovascular resistance resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow. Efficient brain perfusion and tissue oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is essential in surgery requiring hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). The effects of propofol on brain metabolism are reported in a surviving porcine model of HCA. METHODS: Twenty female juvenile pigs undergoing 75 minutes of HCA at a brain temperature of 18 degrees C were assigned to either propofol- or isoflurane anesthesia combined with alpha-stat perfusion strategy during CPB cooling and rewarming. Brain microdialysis analysis was used for determination of brain metabolism, and tissue oxygen partial pressure and intracranial pressures were also followed-up until 8 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: Brain concentrations of glutamate and glycerol were significantly higher in the propofol group throughout the experiment (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively). The lactate/pyruvate ratio was significantly higher in the propofol group at 6-, 7-, and 8-hour intervals (P < .05, P < .01, and P < .05, respectively). The intracranial pressure was significantly higher at the 8-hour postoperative interval (P < .05) in the propofol group. A trend toward higher brain oxygen concentrations was observed in the isoflurane group. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesia with propofol as compared with isoflurane is associated with impaired brain metabolism during experimental HCA.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗
PubMed2006

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate supports cerebral energy metabolism in pigs after ischemic brain injury caused by experimental particle embolization.

BACKGROUND: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FDP) is a high-energy intermediate that enhances glycolysis, preserves cellular adenosine triphosphate stores, and prevents the increase of intracellular calcium in ischemic tissue. Since it has been shown to provide metabolic support to the brain during ischemia, we planned this study to evaluate whether FDP is neuroprotective in the setting of combining hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) and irreversible embolic brain ischemic injury. METHODS: Twenty pigs were randomly assigned to receive 2 intravenous infusions of either FDP (500 mg/kg) or saline. The first infusion was given just before a 25-minute period of HCA and the second infusion immediately after HCA. Immediately before HCA, the descending aorta was clamped and 200 mg of albumin-coated polystyrene microspheres (250-750 mm in diameter) were injected into the isolated aortic arch in both study groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the study groups in terms of neurological outcome. Brain lactate/pyruvate ratio was significantly lower (P = .015) and brain pyruvate levels (P = .013) were significantly higher in the FDP group compared with controls. Brain lactate levels were significantly higher 8 hours after HCA (P = .049). CONCLUSION: The administration of FDP before and immediately after HCA combined with embolic brain ischemic injury was associated with significantly lower brain lactate/pyruvate ratio and significantly higher levels of brain pyruvate, as well as lower lactate levels 8 hours after HCA. FDP seems to protect the brain by supporting energy metabolism. The neurological outcome was not improved, most likely resulting from the irreversible nature of the microsphere occlusion.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

pH-stat versus alpha-stat acid-base management strategy during hypothermic circulatory arrest combined with embolic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: There is some evidence of beneficial metabolic effects associated with the pH-stat than with alpha-stat perfusion strategy, but this is tempered by a likely increased risk of embolism to the brain, especially in adult patients. We investigated this possible adverse effect in an experimental model that combined hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) and embolic brain injury. METHODS: Twenty-four female juvenile pigs undergoing 25 minutes of HCA at a brain temperature of 18 degrees C were assigned to either alpha-stat (n = 12) or pH-stat (n = 12) strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass. Before the initiation of HCA, the descending aorta was clamped and 200 mg of albumin-coated polystyrene microspheres (250 to 750 microm in diameter) were injected into the isolated aortic arch in both groups. RESULTS: The 7-day survival rate was 75% in the pH-stat group and 50% in the alpha-stat group (p = 0.40). The pH-stat group had significantly better behavioral scores on postoperative days 5 (p = 0.03) and 6 (p = 0.04). The pH-stat strategy was associated with better postoperative intracranial pressures and histopathologic scores, but such differences did not reach statistical significance. The alpha-stat group had lower brain glucose concentrations postoperatively as well as higher brain lactate/glucose and lactate/pyruvate ratios CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that pH-stat strategy does not cause any worse brain injury than the alpha-stat strategy. Indeed, the pH-stat strategy is associated with a slightly better outcome compared with the alpha-stat strategy, even in the setting of cerebral embolization. This observation suggests that the pH-stat strategy could also be used in adults during deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass despite the increased risk of intraoperative cerebral embolization.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Apotransferrin, C1-esterase inhibitor, and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein for cerebral protection during experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest.

BACKGROUND: Because of current limitations in improving metabolic support to the brain during hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA), attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury remains an area of therapeutic intervention of relevance. Apotransferrin (Apo-Tf), alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) have been herein evaluated as potential beneficial agents in reducing the ischemia-reperfusion injury in a surviving model of HCA. METHODS: Apo-Tf 100 mg/kg (n = 6), C1-INH 50 IU/kg (n = 6), AGP 100 mg/kg (n = 6), or NaCl 0.9% 2 ml/kg (n = 6) were randomly administered to 24 juvenile pigs after a 75-min period HCA at a brain temperature of 18 degrees C. RESULTS: Animals in the Apo-Tf group had a slightly better 7-day survival (66.7%) compared with the other study groups (50%), but such a difference was not statistically significant. Some favorable changes in the brain glucose metabolism parameters were observed in the AGP, C1-INH, and Apo-Tf groups, but these did not reach statistical significance. Semiquantitative analysis of the histopathological findings did not show any significant difference between the study groups. However, only two out of four surviving animals in the Apo-Tf group developed brain infarction, whereas all three survivors of the remaining study groups developed brain infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Although the small size of the study groups may affect the present findings, none of the metabolic and hemodynamic parameters as well as outcome endpoints indicate a substantial therapeutic efficacy of Apo-Tf, AGP, and C1-INH as neuroprotective agents after experimental HCA.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed2003

Topical head cooling during rewarming after experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of topical head cooling during the first 2 postoperative hours after experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest. METHODS: Twenty pigs underwent a 75-minute period of hypothermic circulatory arrest and were randomly assigned to rewarming to 37 degrees C or to undergo topical cooling of the head for 2 hours from the start of rewarming followed by a period of external rewarming to 37 degrees C. RESULTS: The 7-day survival rate was 70% in the control group and 60% in the topical head cooling group. Despite brain tissue oxygenation, intracranial pressures, mixed oxygen venous saturation, oxygen consumption, and extraction tended to be favorable in the topical head cooling group as a clear effect of mild hypothermia. The latter group had significantly higher postoperative brain lactate and pyruvate ratios, and lactate and glucose ratios. Furthermore, the topical head cooling group had worse fluid balance throughout the postoperative period. Brain histopathologic scores were comparable with the study groups, but among 7-days survivors these scores tended to be worse in the topical head cooling group. CONCLUSIONS: Topical cooling of the head during the first 2 postoperative hours after experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest does not appear to provide any neuroprotective effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

pH-stat versus alpha-stat perfusion strategy during experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest: a microdialysis study.

BACKGROUND: The superiority of the pH-stat to the alpha-stat acid-base strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass as a neuroprotective method during hypothermic circulatory arrest is still controversial. In the present study, brain metabolism and outcome have been evaluated in a surviving model of experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest. METHODS: Twenty pigs undergoing 75-minutes of hypothermic circulatory arrest at a brain temperature of 18 degrees C were randomly assigned to the alpha-stat (n = 10) or pH-stat (n = 10) strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: The 7-day survival rate was 90% (9 of 10) in the pH-stat group and 10% (1 of 10) in the alpha-stat group. At the end of cooling, pH-stat strategy was associated with significantly lower brain lactate and pyruvate concentrations and brain lactate-glucose ratio. After reperfusion, brain concentrations of glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and lactate-glucose ratio were significantly lower in the pH-stat group. This strategy was associated with a faster rise of brain tissue temperature and reoxygenation on reperfusion, which is likely secondary to improved cerebral perfusion. CONCLUSIONS: During cardiopulmonary bypass before and after a period of hypothermic circulatory arrest, acid-base management according to the pH-stat principles seemed to be associated with less derangements in cerebral metabolism, lower intracranial pressures, and excellent behavioral recovery and survival outcome. Because there is strong evidence of the beneficial metabolic effects related to this method, further studies using an experimental model of combined HCA and embolic brain injury are required to exclude a possible increased risk of cerebral embolism associated with the pH-stat strategy.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate for improved outcome after hypothermic circulatory arrest in pigs.

OBJECTIVE: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is a high-energy intermediate in the anaerobic metabolism. It enhances glycolysis, preserves cellular adenosine triphosphate, and prevents the increase of intracellular calcium during ischemia. The potential neuroprotective effect of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate during hypothermic circulatory arrest was evaluated in a surviving porcine model. METHODS: Twenty-four pigs were randomly assigned to receive two intravenous infusions of either fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (500 mg/kg) or saline solution. The first infusion was given immediately before a 75-minute period of hypothermic circulatory arrest and the second was given immediately after hypothermic circulatory arrest. RESULTS: The 7-day survivals were 83.3% in the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate group and 41.7% in the control group (P =.09). The treated animals had significantly better postoperative behavioral scores. The administration of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate was associated with higher venous phosphate and sodium levels, lower venous ionized calcium levels, higher blood osmolarity, and a better fluid balance. Intracranial pressure and venous creatine kinase isoenzyme MB were significantly lower in the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate group during rewarming (P =.01 and P =.001, respectively). Among the treated animals, brain glucose, pyruvate and lactate levels tended to be higher, brain glycerol levels tended to be lower, and the histopathologic score of the brain was significantly lower (P =.04). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous administration of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate at 500 mg/kg before and after hypothermic circulatory arrest in a surviving porcine model was associated with better survival, behavioral outcome, and histopathologic score. The observed lower blood creatine kinase isoenzyme MB and brain glycerol levels and the higher brain glucose, pyruvate, and lactate levels in the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate group suggest that this drug has supportive effects on myocardial and brain metabolisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

EEG burst recovery is predictive of brain injury after experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether electroencephalography (EEG) recovery could be considered a reliable marker of brain injury after experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). DESIGN: Cortical electrical activity was registered before and after a 75-min period of HCA in 27 pigs that survived 7 days after the experiment. The sum of EEG bursts was counted as a percentage of the sum of artifact-free bursts and suppressions, and this percentage was used as a measure of EEG activity in the analysis. RESULTS: Brain infarction developed in 13 animals (48.1%), in 12 cases (44.4%) having involved the cortex, in 1 case the thalamus (3.7%) and in another the hippocampus (3.7%). The mean EEG burst percentage significantly correlated with the total brain histopathological score (rho = -0.588, P = 0.001). EEG burst percentage from the 2 h 20 min to the 7 h 20 min interval correlated with the total brain histopathological score and with the cortex, brainstem and cerebellum scores. The mean EEG burst percentage rate was higher, but not significantly, among the animals without brain infarction (38.5% vs 32.4%), but such a difference was significant at the 3 h 20 min postoperative interval (P = 0.02). The mean EEG burst percentage significantly correlated with brain glucose concentration at the 1 h interval (rho = 0.387; P = 0.046), brain lactate concentration at the 2 h interval (rho = -0.431; P = 0.025), and the brain lactate/glucose ratio at the 1 h 30 min interval from the start of rewarming (rho = -0.433; P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: A decreased EEG burst percentage seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing histologically evident brain ischemic injury in the cortex, brainstem and cerebellum after experimental HCA.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Increase of intracranial pressure after hypothermic circulatory arrest in a chronic porcine model.

OBJECTIVE: An increase in intracranial pressure has been shown to threaten the outcome of patients with ischemic or traumatic brain injury. Its impact on the outcome of pigs undergoing hypothermic circulatory arrest has been evaluated in this study. DESIGN: Fifty-six pigs underwent a 75-min period of hypothermic circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C. Intracranial pressure, cerebral microdialysis, hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were monitored throughout the experiment. The animals were allowed to survive until the 7th postoperative day and, then, electively killed. RESULTS: The 7-day survival rate was 60.7%, and among survivors, 20 of them (58.8%) developed brain infarction. A significant increase in intracranial pressure as compared with the baseline level was observed since the end of cooling (p = 0.047) and the difference became larger during all the postoperative intervals (p < 0.0001). Animals that died postoperatively tended to have higher intracranial pressure levels during all the postoperative intervals, but such a difference reached significance only at the 4-h postoperative interval (p = 0.040). The same tendency was observed among animals that survived until the 7th postoperative day and that developed brain infarction or not, but the difference between these two groups did not reach statistical significance. The animals that died or developed postoperatively brain infarction had higher intracranial pressure values postoperatively as compared with those that survived without developing brain infarction and such a difference reached significance at the 2-h (p = 0.015) and 4-h postoperative intervals (p = 0.035). The peak intracranial pressure was 17.2 mmHg (IQR, 13.7-20.8) in animals that died or developed brain infarction and 14.1 mmHg (IQR, 11.8-16.4) in those that survived 7 days without developing brain infarction (p = NS). CONCLUSION: Intracranial pressure increases significantly after 75 min of experimental hypothermic circulatory arrest and such an increase is associated with a high risk of postoperative death and brain infarction.

Animals↗