PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

Timothy J Trull

Publications and source records attributed to Timothy J Trull.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Dimensional models of personality disorder: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition and beyond.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We describe several dimensional models of personality disorders and highlight future directions for the integration of dimensional approaches in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). This review is timely and relevant, given the upcoming revision of DSM (DSM-V). RECENT FINDINGS: Research has identified four common higher order factors that could be used to characterize personality pathology. Evidence supports the inclusion of this dimensional representation of personality disorders in DSM-V, possibly as an adjunct to the traditional categorical classification scheme. A dimensional approach would ameliorate many of the problems associated with the categorical approach. Issues that still need to be addressed are on how to integrate these dimensions into the current classification system in a way that they will be accepted by clinicians and psychopathologists. The clinical utility of the dimensional models must be demonstrated, and the development of a method that combines trait elevations and impairment associated with personality pathology is needed in order to define personality disorder from a dimensional perspective. SUMMARY: Although there may be some initial resistance to the incorporation of the dimensional models in the future diagnostic manuals, researchers and clinicians are expected to benefit from the more reliable and valid portrayal of personality pathology.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of evaluative personality terms: a comparison of the big seven and five-factor model in predicting psychopathology.

Two personality models are compared regarding their relationship with personality disorder (PD) symptom counts and with lifetime Axis I diagnoses. These models share 5 similar domains, and the Big 7 model also includes 2 domains assessing self-evaluation: positive and negative valence. The Big 7 model accounted for more variance in PDs than the 5-factor model, primarily because of the association of negative valence with most PDs. Although low-positive valence was associated with most Axis I diagnoses, the 5-factor model generally accounted for more variance in Axis I diagnoses than the Big 7 model. Some predicted associations between self-evaluation and psychopathology were not found, and unanticipated associations emerged. These findings are discussed regarding the utility of evaluative terms in clinical assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dimensional models of personality disorder: coverage and cutoffs.

Two major challenges that must be addressed by dimensional models, if they are to be considered viable alternatives to the present categorical system for diagnosing personality disorders, involve the issues of coverage and cutoffs. Several dimensional models of personality and personality pathology are evaluated with these issues in mind. There is growing consensus for the relevance of at least four higher-order domains of personality functioning that are clearly related to personality pathology: neuroticism/negative affectivity/emotional dysregulation, extraversion/positive emotionality, dissocial/antagonistic behavior, and constraint/compulsivity/conscientiousness. A proposal for developing a dimensionally based diagnostic system for personality disorders incorporating these higher-order traits is offered.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Borderline personality disorder features and utilization of treatment over two years.

This study assessed the relationship between borderline personality disorder (BPD) features and treatment utilization over a 2-year time period. Participants included 349 18-year-old nonclinical young adults, approximately one-half of whom endorsed significant borderline features. The laboratory phase of the study involved the administration of self-report and interview-based assessments of BPD psychopathology at Wave 1, as well as interviews targeting Axis I psychopathology and treatment utilization history at Wave 2 (2 years later). Results indicated that borderline features prospectively predicted utilization of psychopharmacological treatment above and beyond what was accounted for by gender, lifetime Axis I psychopathology, and nonBPD Axis II psychopathology. The borderline feature most strongly associated with treatment utilization was affective instability.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Borderline personality features predict alcohol use problems.

This study assessed the relation between BPD features and problems associated with alcohol use 2 years later in young adults. Approximately 5,000 nonclinical young adults were screened for BPD features, and two cohorts of participants completed the laboratory phase of the study at Time 1 (total N = 421) and then again 2 years later at Time 2 (total N = 356). Measures included self-report and interview-based assessments of personality disorders, psychopathology in biological parents, Axis I psychopathology, and alcohol use problems. BPD features were found to significantly predict alcohol use problems 2 years later after controlling for parents' substance use disorders, Axis I psycho-pathology (including alcohol abuse/dependence), and non-BPD personality disorders. In addition, the BPD subscale that assesses impulsivity was found to be significantly associated with alcohol use problems once all predictors were entered into the model.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Borderline personality disorder features predict negative outcomes 2 years later.

In a sample of 351 young adults, the authors assessed whether borderline personality disorder (BPD) features prospectively predicted negative outcomes (poorer academic achievement and social maladjustment) over the subsequent 2 years, over and above gender and both Axis I and Axis II psychopathology. Borderline traits were significantly related to these outcomes, with impulsivity and affective instability the most highly associated. The present findings suggest that the impulsivity and affective instability associated with BPD leads to impairment in relating well with others, in meeting social role obligations, and in academic or occupational achievement. Therefore, these may be especially important features to target in interventions for BPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Alcohol, tobacco, and drug use disorders and personality disorder symptoms.

In a nonclinical sample of 395 young adults, the authors evaluated the relations between major personality traits, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) personality disorder symptoms, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Consistent with previous findings, traits related to disinhibition and negative affectivity were consistently associated with AUDs, as were Cluster B personality disorder symptoms (especially antisocial and borderline disorder symptoms). Multivariate analyses revealed that Cluster B symptoms were significantly associated with AUDs above and beyond what was accounted for by personality traits. Further, the authors found differential patterns of relations between other substance use disorders (SUDs; i.e., tobacco dependence and drug use diagnoses) and personality disorder symptoms. Overall, these results suggest that personality disorder symptoms predict unique variance in SUDs that reflect maladaptive aspects of personality traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Retrospective measures of childhood abuse: concurrent validity and reliability in a nonclinical sample with borderline features.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of retrospective reports of childhood sexual and physical abuse by comparing two assessment formats, interview and questionnaire, and looking at both the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability over 2 years. Nonclinical participants completed the Family Experiences Interview (FEI; Ogata et al., 1990) and the Family Experiences Questionnaire (FEQ; Wheelock, Lohr, & Silk, 1997) at age 18 and the FEQ again at age 20. Both assessments evaluate individuals for sexual and physical abuse before age 18, and the two have similar formats and wording. There were no significant differences in the reported frequency of childhood abuse on the interview versus on the questionnaire when given at the same point in time, and the agreement between the two measures was high. The test-retest reliability in childhood abuse reports was moderate. Taken together, these results suggest that interview and questionnaire reports of childhood abuse are roughly equivalent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Borderline personality disorder from the perspective of general personality functioning.

The authors extended previous work on the hypothesis that borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be understood as a maladaptive variant of personality traits included within the 5-factor model (FFM) of personality. In each of 3 samples, an empirically derived prototypic FFM borderline profile was correlated with individuals' FFM profiles to yield a similarity score, an FFM borderline index. Results across all samples indicated that the FFM borderline index correlated as highly with existing borderline measures as they correlated with one another, and the FFM borderline index correlated as highly with measures of dysfunction, history of childhood abuse, and parental psychopathology as did traditional measures of BPD. Findings support the hypothesis that BPD is a maladaptive variant of FFM personality traits.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

DAPP-BQ: factor structure and relations to personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample.

We assessed the factor structure of the DAPP-BQ (Livesley & Jackson, in press), as well as the relations between DAPP-BQ higher- and lower-order personality trait scores and DSM-IV (APA, 2000) personality disorder symptoms in a sample of approximately 300 nonclinical young adults. The four-factor structure of the DAPP-BQ was replicated, and DAPP-BQ higher-order and lower-order scores were related to personality disorder symptoms in predictable ways. Finally, regression analyses revealed that specific DAPP-BQ traits accounted for variance in individual personality disorder scores above and beyond comorbid personality disorder symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Substance use disorder and personality disorder.

Personality disorders (PDs) and substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently co-occur in both the general population and in clinical settings. Literature is reviewed documenting high comorbidity between these two classes of disorders, possible mechanisms of comorbidity, and the clinical implications of this comorbidity. Special emphasis is given to antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) as these disorders not only co-occur frequently with SUDs in the clinical populations and present clinical challenges, but also because recent research points to etiologic processes that are common to these specific PDs and SUDs. Although most attention on comorbidity between PDs and SUDs has focused on ASPD and BPD, it is also clear that other PDs (in particular, avoidant PD and paranoid PD) are prevalent among those suffering from SUDs.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2002

Attachment, parental bonding and borderline personality disorder features in young adults.

The relations between parental bonding and attachment constructs and borderline personality disorder features were examined in a sample of 393 18-year-old participants. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that parental bonding and attachment scores (especially insecure attachment, anxious or ambivalent attachment, and a perception of a relative lack of caring from one's mother) were uniquely associated with borderline features beyond what could be accounted for by gender, childhood adversity experiences, Axis I disorder, and nonborderline Axis II symptoms. Although relatively modest, these relations suggest that bonding and attachment constructs might be considered in comprehensive etiological models of borderline personality disorder.

Adolescent↗