Biomedical subjects

Tomomi Suzuki

Publications and source records attributed to Tomomi Suzuki.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Control of allograft rejection by applying a novel nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin.

BACKGROUND: Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB plays a crucial role in lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and survival. We examined the immunosuppressive effect of a newly developed NF-kappaB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) in allotransplantation. METHODS: Purified C57BL/6 (H-2b) T cells were used for in vitro studies examining activation, proliferation, cytokine production and nuclear NF-kappaB and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) protein levels. A fully major histocompatibility complex incompatible BALB/c (H-2d)-to-C57BL/6 mice cardiac transplantation model was utilized for in vivo studies. DHMEQ was given intraperitoneally to transplant recipients at a various dose starting from day 0. In some, DHMEQ was administered concomitantly with tacrolimus. RESULTS: DHMEQ significantly suppressed alphaCD3 + alphaCD28 monoclonal antibody-triggered T-cell proliferation, CD25/CD69 expressions, and both interleukin-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma production in a dose-dependent fashion. DHMEQ blocked nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB but not NFAT in activated T cells. Combined treatment with DHMEQ and tacrolimus significantly suppressed T cell activation as compared to that of mono-therapy with either agent alone. Single DHMEQ treatment moderately prolonged cardiac allograft survival. Further, combination of DHMEQ plus tacrolimus markedly prolonged graft mean survival time (MST) to 59.5 days when compared to either DHMEQ (MST: 10 days) or tacrolimus (MST: 13 days) treatment alone. Such effect was associated with inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reaction against donor antigen, IFN-gamma producing splenocytes and graft cellular infiltration as examined at 5 and 12 days posttransplantation. CONCLUSION: DHMEQ inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB but not NFAT in activated T cells, and prolongs allograft survival. Blocking both NF-kappaB and NFAT by DHMEQ and tacrolimus induces potent immunosuppression, which may become a new modality in controlling allograft rejection.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Impact of double-filtration plasmapheresis in combination with interferon and ribavirin in living donor liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C.

Double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) selectively removes high molecular weight substances including hepatitis C virus (HCV). Four live donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients with HCV received combination therapy with low-dose interferon (IFN) and ribavirin with DFPP. Three patients underwent this therapy for prophylaxis of HCV recurrence, and one for treating fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH). The combination therapy and DFPP decreased HCV RNA levels to 8.2% +/- 2.9% and 0.7% +/- 0.5% by the 5th and 30th day of treatment, respectively. Three patients who underwent DFPP for prophylaxis showed no evidence of HCV recurrence for >1 year after treatment. The patient whose graft showed FCH, recovered dramatically after the DFPP treatment. DFPP appeared to be effective in reducing HCV viremia and preventing HCV recurrence in patients with high HCV RNA levels after LDLT. Moreover, it may become a rescue therapy for FCH in a liver transplant recipient with hepatitis C.

Drug Therapy, Combination↗

PubMed2006

Hepatic venous reconstruction of anterior sector using three-dimensional helical computed tomography in living donor liver transplantation.

In right lobe living donor liver transplantation (RL-LDLT), venous reconstruction of large middle hepatic vein (MHV) tributaries is often necessary. However the standard for reconstruction is unclear. In two recent RL-LDLT cases, we reconstructed a MHV tributary after estimating the donor's liver volume by three-dimensional images using helical computed tomography (3D-CT). 3D-CT demonstrated that the expected donor right lobe volume was 437 ml, which represented 46.2% of graft volume/recipient's standard volume ratio (GV/SV ratio) in case 1, and 600 ml (46.4%) in case 2. Moreover, 3D-CT revealed a large MHV tributary, 8 mm in diameter, drained 190 ml in volume of segment 8 in case 1, and, 7 mm in diameter, drained 138 ml in case 2. In these cases, when the area drained by the MHV tributary was excluded, GV/SV ratio were 26.1% and 35.7%, respectively. Based on this data, we reconstructed a large MHV tributary in both cases.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed2006

Effect of pre-myocardial infarction angina pectoris on post-myocardial infarction arrhythmias after reperfusion therapy.

It has not been concluded whether there is a relation between pre-myocardial infarction angina pectoris (pre-MIAP) and reperfusion arrhythmia, although pre-MIAP has been reported to have a beneficial effect in preserving left ventricular function. Moreover, factors that are associated with reperfusion arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who have been successfully reperfused by reperfusion therapy are unknown. This study examined the predictive factors of reperfusion arrhythmias in patients with AMI who underwent successful reperfusion. The Japanese Intervention Trial in Myocardial Infarction study is a prospective, randomized trial that compares the outcome in patients with AMI who undergo intracoronary thrombolysis or primary percutaneous conventional coronary balloon angioplasty. One hundred ten consecutive patients with AMI who had been successfully reperfused in this study were categorized into 2 groups according to whether or not patients showed reperfusion arrhythmias. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using 11 clinical factors to clarify the determinants of reperfusion arrhythmia. Reperfusion arrhythmias developed in 65 of 110 patients (59%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that inferior AMI and pre-MIAP were independently associated with reperfusion arrhythmia. The odds ratio that predicted reperfusion arrhythmias was 2.37 (p = 0.0056) for inferior AMI. In contrast, the odds ratio was minimal at 0.24 for pre-MIAP (p = 0.036). In conclusion, pre-MIAP suppresses reperfusion arrhythmias, and inferior AMI is an independent factor for reperfusion arrhythmias.

Angina Pectoris↗

PubMed2006

Living-donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Transplant surgeons have long dreamed of achieving a complete cure for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by replacing the liver with a new graft. Although the early results of liver transplantation for HCC were disappointing, with 5-year survival less than 40%, improved results in patients who met the so-called Milan criteria rekindled the enthusiasm for the treatment of HCC with liver transplantation. Furthermore, the recent development of living-donor liver transplantation in adults has allowed timely grafting for HCC patients and tentative expansion of the criteria for transplant candidacy in patients with HCC - although such expansion is fraught with controversy. Identification of a noninvasive marker that could predict the biological behavior as well as the prognosis of HCC would indeed be a major breakthrough.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

AFP mRNA detected in bone marrow by real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis predicts survival and recurrence after curative hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by real-time quantitative RT-PCR targeting of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA (AFP mRNA) before or after curative hepatectomy predicts HCC recurrence and patient survival. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The presence of cancer cells in peripheral blood and/or bone marrow in patients with malignant disease has been reported to correlate with outcome. METHODS: Between July 2000 and June 2005, 136 consecutive HCC patients underwent primary curative hepatectomy. Bone marrow aspirated preoperatively, and peripheral blood samples collected before and after operation were subjected to real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis using AFP mRNA as a target molecule. Median follow-up was 23 months (range, 6-54 months). Patient survival (PS), disease-free survival (DFS), and clinicopathologic features were compared between patients with positive and negative AFP mRNA. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients died (22 from HCC). HCC recurred in 66 patients (hepatic in 37 [56.1%]; hepatic and remote in 17 [25.8%], and remote alone in 12 [18.2%]). Bone marrow was positive for AFP mRNA in 38 patients (27.9%) and negative in 98 (72.1%). One- and 3-year PS was 96.6% and 91.4%, respectively, with negative AFP mRNA versus 86.2% and 55.5%, respectively, with positive AFP mRNA (P < 0.0001). One- and 3-year DFS were 73.2% and 44.8%, respectively, with negative AFP mRNA versus 54.5% and 25.8%, respectively, with positive AFP mRNA (P = 0.0399). Portal vascular invasion, tumor size, multiple tumors, and tumor differentiation correlated with inferior PS and DFS on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, positive AFP mRNA was the most important risk factor for PS (P = 0.001) and DFS (P = 0.0165). In addition, positive AFP mRNA in peripheral blood after operation tended to predict reduced DFS. CONCLUSION: AFP mRNA in the bone marrow and systemic circulation during the perioperative period predicts patient survival and recurrence after curative hepatic resection for HCC.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2006

Blue light-induced association of phototropin 2 with the Golgi apparatus.

Phototropins 1 and 2 (phot1 and phot2) function as blue light (BL) photoreceptors for phototropism, chloroplast relocation, stomatal opening and leaf flattening in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phototropin consists of two functional domains, the N-terminal photosensory domain and the C-terminal Ser/Thr kinase domain. However, little is known about the signal transduction pathway that links the photoreceptors and the physiological responses downstream of BL perception. To understand the mechanisms by which phot2 initiates these responses, we transformed the phot1phot2 double mutant of Arabidopsis with constructs encoding translationally fused phot2:green fluorescent protein (P2G). P2G was fully functional for the phot2-specific physiological responses in these transgenic plants. It localized strongly to the plasma membrane and weakly to the cytoplasm in the dark. Upon illumination with BL, punctate P2G staining was formed within a few minutes in addition to the constitutive plasma membrane staining. This punctate distribution pattern matched well with that of the Golgi-localized KAM1DeltaC:mRFP. Brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of vesicle trafficking, induced accumulation of P2G around the perinuclear region even in darkness, but the punctate pattern was not observed. After treatment of these cells with BL, P2G exhibited the punctate distribution pattern that matched with that of the Golgi marker. Hence, the light-dependent association of P2G with the Golgi apparatus was BFA-insensitive. A structure/function analysis indicated that the kinase domain was essential for the Golgi localization of phot2. The BL-induced Golgi localization of phot2 may be one of important signaling steps in the phot2 signal transduction pathway.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2006

Essential roles of monocytes in stimulating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Lactobacillus casei to produce cytokines and augment natural killer cell activity.

We examined the effect of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, on cytokine production and natural killer (NK) cell activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). The cellular mechanisms of immunoregulation by L. casei strain Shirota were also investigated. L. casei strain Shirota stimulated PBMNC to secrete interleukin-12 (IL-12), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-10. However, depletion of monocytes from PBMNC eliminated the induction of these cytokines. L. casei strain Shirota was phagocytosed by monocytes and directly stimulated them to secrete IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. IFN-gamma production was diminished by the addition of anti-IL-12 antibody to the PBMNC cultures. Purified T cells, but not NK cells, produced IFN-gamma effectively when stimulated with L. casei strain Shirota in the presence of monocytes, indicating that monocytes triggered by L. casei strain Shirota help T cells to produce IFN-gamma through secreting IL-12. In addition, NK cell activity and CD69 expression on NK cells increased after cultivation of PBMNC with L. casei strain Shirota. When monocytes were depleted from PBMNC, L. casei strain Shirota did not enhance NK cell activity. These results demonstrate that monocytes play critical roles in the induction of cytokines and following the augmentation of NK cell activity during the stimulation of human PBMNC with L. casei strain Shirota.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A radical scavenger, edaravone, protects canine kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion injury after 72 hours of cold preservation and autotransplantation.

BACKGROUND: Cold ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a prominent cause of delayed graft function after kidney transplantation. Reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in I/R injury. Edaravone is a synthetic radical scavenger that has been used in acute stroke. Some animal experiments have revealed its beneficial effects against I/R injury, but its effects after cold preservation and transplantation of canine kidneys are unknown. METHODS: Female hybrid dogs weighing 11 to 13 kg were used. Under anesthesia, the left kidney was harvested. After 72 hr of preservation in cold histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution, autotransplantation was performed in the right iliac fossa, with contralateral nephrectomy. Animals were divided into control and treatment groups (n=6 per group). In the treatment group, edaravone was administered intravenously at harvest and at reperfusion (3 mg/kg) and in addition was added to the preservation solution (50 microM). RESULTS: Animal survival at 2 weeks was four of six in the control group and six of six in the treatment group. Compared with controls, treated animals had higher mean urine output, higher mean glomerular filtration rate, improved tubular cell function, lower mean serum creatinine, and lower renal vascular resistance. Biopsy specimens from treated animals showed less tubular cell damage and decreased P-selectin expression in endothelial cells. Lipid peroxidation of renal tissue and urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine were suppressed by the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Edaravone reduced cold I/R injury in canine renal transplantation. The agent has the potential to ameliorate preservation injury in clinical transplantation.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Lipid peroxidation during ischemia depends on ischemia time in warm ischemia and reperfusion of rat liver.

Prolonged hepatic warm ischemia has been incriminated in oxidative stress after reperfusion. However, the magnitude of oxidative stress during ischemia has been controversial. The aims of the present study were to elucidate whether lipid peroxidation progressed during ischemia and to clarify whether oxidative stress during ischemia aggravated the oxidative damage after reperfusion. Rats were subjected to 30 to 120 min of 70% warm ischemia alone or followed by reperfusion for 60 min. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was evaluated by amounts of phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PC-OOH) and phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxide (PE-OOH) as primary LPO products. Total amounts of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (MDA + 4-HNE), degraded from hydroperoxides, were also determined. PC-OOH and PE-OOH significantly increased at 60 and 120 min ischemia with concomitant increase of oxidized glutathione. These hydroperoxides did not increase at 60 min reperfusion after 60 min ischemia, whereas they did increase at 60 min reperfusion after 120 min ischemia with deactivation of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The amount of MDA + 4-HNE exhibited similar changes, but the velocity of production dropped with ischemic time longer than 60 min. In conclusion, oxidative stress progressed during ischemia and triggered the oxidative injury after reperfusion. Secondary LPO products are less sensitive, especially during ischemia, which may cause possible underestimation and discrepancy.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed2005

[Coronary sinus ostial atresia with thrombus: a case report].

An 82-year-old woman presented with mitral regurgitation and atrial fibrillation. She was hospitalized for further examination of cardiac thrombus detected by transthoracic echocardiography. No definitive diagnosis could be made based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Intravenous contrast echocardiography suggested a coronary sinus thrombus. Coronary angiography showed coronary sinus ostial atresia. Multislice computed tomography confirmed the presence of thrombus in the enlarged coronary sinus with coronary sinus ostial atresia and persistent left superior vena cava. Persistent left superior vena cava is present in 3% of patients with congenital heart disease. Persistent left superior vena cava is detected by chance during cardiac catheterization for other conditions in patients without cardiac malformations. The present case was detected at an advanced age, and in the absence of prior symptoms.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

[Small bowel transplantation].

Early attempts of small bowel transplantation (SBTx) were unsuccessful as a result of uncontrolled rejection and infection. Introduction of tacrolimus in the early 1990s improved the outcome, but results were not satisfactory comparing those after the other organ transplants. Recently, improved long-term graft survivals were reported from several centers. According to Intestine Transplant Registry (ITR), a multivariate analysis of cases within the last 5 years revealed that transplantation of patients waiting at home, recipient age, antibody induced immune suppression, and center experience with at least 10 cases were associated with improved patients survival. One-year graft survival rate of 90% were achieved in patients who were treated with antithymocyte globulin and maintained on tacrolimus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

A new immunosuppressant, FTY720, in canine kidney transplantation: effect of single-drug, induction and combination treatments.

Three different types of treatment were conducted to clarify the properties of a novel immunomodulator, FTY720, in canine kidney allograft models. Survival, biochemical and hematological tests, pharmacokinetics, and histopathology of grafts and extra-renal organs were analyzed. Accompanying a remarkable reduction in circulating lymphocytes, single-drug treatment of FTY720, ranging from 0.05 to 10 mg/kg, exhibited significant prolongation of graft survival without a dose-dependent effect. Short-course induction with FTY720 at 5 mg/kg per day exhibited similar anti-rejection effects as did single-drug treatment but no advantage in rescuing ongoing rejection. In combination with cyclosporine (CsA; 5 mg/kg) or tacrolimus (FK; 0.5 mg/kg), FTY720 had an additive effect. Trough blood concentrations of FTY720 were linearly correlated with dose. No animal showed critical adverse effects at any point. FTY720 holds promise as a candidate in a new category of drugs that can be combined with conventional agents for induction and maintenance immunosuppression in clinical organ transplantation.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Functional analysis of a 450-amino acid N-terminal fragment of phytochrome B in Arabidopsis.

Phytochrome, a major photoreceptor in plants, consists of two domains: the N-terminal photosensory domain and the C-terminal domain. Recently, the 651-amino acid photosensory domain of phytochrome B (phyB) has been shown to act as a functional photoreceptor in the nucleus. The phytochrome (PHY) domain, which is located at the C-terminal end of the photosensory domain, is required for the spectral integrity of phytochrome; however, little is known about the signal transduction activity of this domain. Here, we have established transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing an N-terminal 450-amino acid fragment of phyB (N450) lacking the PHY domain on a phyB-deficient background. Analysis of these plants revealed that N450 can act as an active photoreceptor when attached to a short nuclear localization signal and beta-glucuronidase. In vitro spectral analysis of reconstituted chromopeptides further indicated that the stability of the N450 Pfr form, an active form of phytochrome, is markedly reduced in comparison with the Pfr form of full-length phyB. Consistent with this, plants expressing N450 failed to respond to intermittent light applied at long intervals, indicating that N450 Pfr is short-lived in vivo. Taken together, our findings show that the PHY domain is dispensable for phyB signal transduction but is required for stabilizing the Pfr form of phyB.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2004

Factors affecting the blood concentration of ionized magnesium in patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.

Magnesium is physiologically active in its free state (Mg2+). In the present study, we attempted to clarify factors affecting blood concentrations of Mg2+ in the acute phase of myocardial infarction (AMI). Subjects were 84 consecutive patients with AMI. Blood samples were collected at the time of admission, 24h after admission, and 1 week after admission, to measure blood concentration of Mg2+ and noradrenaline (NA). Furthermore, to assess daily Mg intake the hardness of local drinking water was determined, and a survey was conducted regarding dietary preferences and habits. Based on the results of this survey, the patients were defined as having a low Mg intake (L Group) or not. In addition, based on chronological shifts in blood Mg2+ concentrations, subjects were divided into the following four groups: Normal group, blood concentration of Mg2+ within normal range at all measurement points; Early recovery group, low at time of admission, but normalized on the next day; Delayed recovery group, low at time of admission, but normalized 1 week after admission; and Unrecovered group, below normal range at all measurement points. The mean blood Mg2+ concentration on admission was 0.52 +/- 0.06 mmol/l, significantly lower than the normal range (P < 0.05). A negative correlation between blood Mg2+ and NA concentrations on admission was observed (r = 0.49, P < 0.005). As a result, blood Mg2+ concentrations were normalized in 94% of subjects by 1 week after admission. Mean blood Mg2+ concentration on admission in the L Group was 0.47 +/- 0.05 mmol/l, significantly lower than that found in other subjects (0.52 +/- 0.05 mmol/l, P < 0.01). Eighty percent of the patients classified into the Unrecovered group belonged to the L Group. These findings suggest that lower blood concentrations of Mg2+ and higher plasma NA levels may be a result of serious AMI. However, chronic Mg intake deficiency may play a partial role in patients whose blood concentrations of Mg2+ remain low for long periods of time.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗

PubMed2004

Cadaveric domino liver transplantation: the first case in Japan.

The first case of domino liver transplantation from a brain-dead donor in Japan is described. A 49-year-old man with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy received a cadaver liver, and his native liver was transplanted into a 53-year-old man with polycystic liver and kidney disease. The cadaveric liver allograft was transplanted by the conventional technique. The graft taken from the first recipient had four outflow orifices (the left, middle, and right hepatic veins, and upper vena cava), for which a single orifice was created at the back table. This graft was transplanted in piggy-back fashion. The first recipient developed acute rejection on day 13 and hepatic artery stenosis on day 36. These were treated by steroid recycle therapy and percutaneous transarterial angioplasty. He was discharged on day 57 with normal liver function. The second recipient underwent re-operation for bleeding from the right adrenal gland and left thoracic cavity. He was diagnosed with acute rejection on day 7, which was treated by steroid pulse therapy. He was discharged uneventfully on day 39 with normal liver function.

Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial↗

PubMed2004

Dipyridamole protects the liver against warm ischemia and reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Adenosine, a metabolite of adenosine triphosphate degradation during ischemia, is reported to attenuate ischemia and reperfusion injury in several tissues. Dipyridamole is a nucleoside transport inhibitor that augments endogenous adenosine. In this study, we tested whether dipyridamole would attenuate hepatic I/R injury. For this purpose, dipyridamole was applied to a 2-hour total hepatic vascular exclusion model in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Dipyridamole (DYP) was given by continuous intravenous infusion for 1 hour before ischemia at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg (high-DYP, n = 6), 0.1 mg/kg (medium-DYP, n = 6), or 0.05 mg/kg (low-DYP, n = 6). Nontreated animals were used as ischemic controls (CT, n = 12). Two-week survival, systemic and hepatic hemodynamics, liver function tests, energy metabolism, adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels, platelet numbers, arachidonic acid metabolites, and histopathology were analyzed. RESULTS: Two-week animal survival was 25% in CT, 17% in high-DYP, 100% in medium-DYP, and 17% in low-DYP. Dipyridamole significantly improved postreperfusion hepatic blood flow and energy metabolism, attenuated liver enzyme release and purine catabolite production, and augmented cyclic AMP levels. The medium dose of dipyridamole lessened platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 production, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, and improved survival. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated marked hepatoprotective effects of dipyridamole against severe ischemia and reperfusion injury in canine livers. Dipyridamole is a promising agent for liver surgery and transplantation.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Comparative studies of the AHP histidine-containing phosphotransmitters implicated in His-to-Asp phosphorelay in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The evolutionarily-conserved histidine to aspartate (His-to-Asp) phosphorelay signal transduction is common in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Such a phosphorelay system is generally made up of 'a histidine (His)-kinase', 'a histidine-containing phosphotransmitter (HPt)', and 'a phospho-accepting response regulator (RR)'. In general, an HPt factor acts as an intermediate in a given multistep His-to-Asp phosphorelay. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this model higher plant has five genes (named AHP1 to AHP5), each of which seems to encode an HPt factor. Recent studies suggested that the His-to-Asp phosphorelay involving the AHP factors is at least partly implicated in signal transduction in response to cytokinin (a plant hormone). Nevertheless, the properties of AHPs have not yet been fully clarified. Here we did comparative studies of all the AHP factors, in terms of (i) expression profiles in plants, (ii) intracellular localization, (iii) ability to acquire a phosphoryl group in vitro, and (iv) ability to interact with the downstream components, ARRs (Arabidopsis response regulators). The results of this study provided us with a comprehensive view at the molecular level for understanding the functions of the AHP phosphotransmitters in the His-to-Asp phosphorelay.

Arabidopsis↗