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Tsang Cheung

Publications and source records attributed to Tsang Cheung.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Visible absorption spectra of radiation exposed SIRAD dosimeters.

SIRAD badge dosimeters are a new type of personal dosimeter designed to measure radiation exposure up to 200 R and give a visual qualitative measurement of exposure. This is performed using the active dosimeter window, which contains a radiochromic material amalgamated in the badge assembly. When irradiated, the badges active window turns blue, which can be matched against the given colour chart for a qualitative assessment of the exposure received. Measurements have been performed to analyse the absorption spectra of the active window, and results show that the window automatically turns a blue colour upon irradiation and produces two peaks in the absorption spectra located at 617 nm and 567 nm. When analysed with a common computer desktop scanner, the optical density response of the film to radiation exposure is non-linear but reproducible. The net OD of the film was 0.21 at 50 R exposure and 0.31 at 200 R exposure when irradiated with a 6 MV x-ray energy beam. When compared to the calibration colour strips at 6 MV x-ray energy the film's OD response matches relatively well within 3.5%. An approximate 8% reduction in measured OD to exposure was seen for 250 kVp x-rays compared to 6 MV x-rays. The film provides an adequate measurement and visually qualitative assessment of radiation exposure for levels in the range of 0 to 200 R.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗

A practical method for determining organ dose during CT examination.

A practical method, based on depth dose, for determining organ dose during computed tomography (CT) examination is presented. For 4-slice spiral CT scans, performed at radii of 0, 37.5, 75.0, 112.5, and 150.0 mm, measurement of depth dose has been made using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) inserted into a modified International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard dosimetry phantom and also additional TLDs placed on the surface of the phantom. A regression equation-linking dose with distance from the center of the phantom has been formulated, from which dose to a point of interest relative to the surface dose can also be calculated. The approximation reflects the attenuation properties of X-rays in the phantom. Using the equation, an estimate of organ dose can be ascertained for CT examination, assuming water equivalence of human tissue and a known organ position and volume. Using the 4-slice spiral scanner, relative doses to a patients' lung have been calculated, the location and size of the lung in vivo being found from the CT scan image, and the lung being divided into 38 segments to calculate the relative dose. Results from our test case show the dose to the lung to have been 69+/-13% of surface dose.

Humans↗

Independence of calibration curves for EBT Gafchromic films of the size of high-energy X-ray fields.

The EBT Gafchromic radiochromic film is a relatively new product designed specifically for dosimetry in radiation therapy. Due to the weak dependence of its response on the photon energy (variations are below 10% in the 50 kVp-10 MVp range), the film is ideal for dosimetry when the photon energy spectrum may be changing or unknown. In order to convert a map of optical densities into a map of absorbed radiation doses, a calibration curve constructed on the basis of standard calibration films is necessary. Our results have shown that, with the EBT Gafchromic film, one can use the same calibration curve for 6-MV X-ray fields of any size in the range from 5 x 5 cm(2) up to 40 x 40 cm(2). This is not the case for radiographic films, such as Kodak X-Omat V, whose response to the same dose varies approximately by 10% depending on the field size in this range. This insensitivity of the EBT Gafchromic film to size of the radiation field makes it possible to assess doses delivered by small radiation fields. With the help of this film, it was shown that the output factor for a 0.5 x 0.5 cm(2) field is 0.60+/-0.03 (2SD) relative to the 10 x 10 cm(2) field.

Calibration↗

Absorption spectra of irradiated XRCT radiochromic film.

Gafchromic XRCT radiochromic film is a self-developing high sensitivity radiochromic film product which can be used for assessment of delivered radiation doses which could match applications such as computed tomography (CT) dosimetry. The film automatically changes colour upon irradiation changing from a yellow to green/brown colour. The absorption spectra of Gafchromic XRCT radiochromic film as measured with reflectance spectrophotometry have been investigated to analyse the dosimetry characteristics of the film. Results show two main absorption peaks produced from irradiation located at 636 nm and 585 nm. This is similar to EBT Gafchromic film. A high level of sensitivity is found for this film with a 1 cGy applied dose producing an approximate net optical density change of 0.3 at 636 nm. This high sensitivity combined with its relatively energy independent nature around the 100 kVp to 150 kVp x-ray energy range provides a unique enhancement in dosimetric measurement capabilities over currently available dosimetry films for CT applications.

Absorption↗

Measurement of high energy x-ray beam penumbra with Gafchromic EBT radiochromic film.

High energy x-ray beam penumbra are measured using Gafchromic EBT film. Gafchromic EBT, due to its limited energy dependence and high spatial resolution provide a high level of accuracy for dose assessment in penumbral regions. The spatial resolution of film detector systems is normally limited by the scanning resolution of the densitometer. Penumbral widths (80%/20%) measured at Dmax were found to be 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, and 3.4 mm (+/- 0.2 mm) using 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm square field sizes, respectively, for a 6 MV linear accelerator produced x-ray beam. This is compared to 3.2 mm +/- 0.2 mm (Kodak EDR2) and 3.6 mm +/- 0.2 mm (Kodak X-Omat V) at 10 cm x 10 cm measured using radiographic film. Using a zero volume extrapolation technique for ionization chamber measurements, the 10 cm X 10 cm field penumbra at Dmax was measured to be 3.1 mm, a close match to Gafchromic EBT results. Penumbral measurements can also be made at other depths, including the surface, as the film does not suffer significantly from dosimetric variations caused by changing x-ray energy spectra. Gafchromic EBT film provides an adequate measure of penumbral dose for high energy x-ray beams.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗

Measurement of energy dependence for XRCT radiochromic film.

Gafchromic XRCT, radiochromic film is assessed over a broad energy range, from kilovoltage to megavoltage x rays for variations in reflected optical density to dose response. A large energy dependence was found with reflected optical density output for the same delivered dose varying from 7.8 +/- 0.35 at 25.5 keV (50 kVp) peaking at 12.1 +/- 0.5 at 54 keV (125 kVp) to 0.975 +/- 0.03 at 2300 keV (10 MV) when normalized to 1 at 1400 keV (6 MV) energy. The response is constant (within 3%) in the 36-69 keV equivalent photon energy range, which corresponds to x-ray tube generating potentials of approximately 100-150 kVp. This matches well with beam qualities for diagnostic computed topography applications.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗

Post-irradiation colouration of Gafchromic EBT radiochromic film.

Gafchromic EBT (International Specialty Products, NJ, USA), radiochromic film is one of the newest radiation-induced auto-developing x-ray analysis films available for therapeutic radiation dosimetry in radiotherapy applications. Part of any radiochromic film product which undergoes a polymerization reaction for automatic darkening is an associated post-irradiation colouration whereby the film continues to darken after irradiation has ceased. The Gafchromic EBT film has been shown to produce an approximate 6% to 9% increase in post-irradiation optical density within the first 12 h of irradiation within the 1 Gy to 5 Gy dose range. This is compared to approximately 13%, 15% and 19% for MD-55-2, XR type T and HS radiochromic film, respectively. It is also shown that the EBT film's post-irradiation growth stabilizes to within 1% within the first 6 h. Thus EBT provides a reduced post-irradiation growth effect. However, to increase the accuracy of the film analysis, it is recommended that films be left for a significant period (at least 6 h) before the analysis is performed to provide a high level of accuracy. Also, calibration films must be read out with the same post-irradiation time to further enhance the accuracy of dosimetry.

Artifacts↗

Weak energy dependence of EBT gafchromic film dose response in the 50 kVp-10 MVp X-ray range.

The energy dependence of the dose response of EBT Gafchromic film is assessed over a broad energy range, from superficial to megavoltage X-rays. The film is auto-developing and sensitive, it provides accurate dose assessment of low doses (about 1-2 Gy) used in radiotherapy. The energy dependence of the response of EBT film was found to be very weak: the variations do not exceed 10% over the range from 50 kVp to 10 MVp X-rays. By contrast, variations of the response of Gafchromic HS film are as big as 30% over the same range, and variations of the response of Radiographic film exceed one order of magnitude. This weak dependence provides significantly higher accuracy of dose measurements under conditions of varying spectral quality of X-ray beams, which are common in radiation therapy.

Film Dosimetry↗

Fluorescent light effects on FWT-60 radiochromic film.

FWT-60 radiochromic film has been tested for colouration effects from fluorescent light sources and shown to produce a marked colouration when exposed to office fluorescent light sources showing an approximate 1 OD unit per 0.5 J m(-2) exposure to a broad ultraviolet (UV) UVA + UVB spectrum at the peak absorption wavelength. This produces a measurable and quantifiable response to UV exposure. By choosing an appropriate wavelength of readout or band pass, the level of sensitivity can be changed to match the application or exposure level measurement required. These levels of UV response are significantly higher in sensitivity than other radiochromic films such as Gafchromic MD-55 by an order of magnitude. This feature may be of use for measurement of integrated UV exposure from fluorescent lights when required and produces a quantifiable history of total exposure.

Calibration↗

XR type-R radiochromic film x-ray energy response.

Gafchromic XR type-R radiochromic film is a relatively new product designed for use at clinical diagnostic x-ray energies both qualitatively and quantitatively. This short note investigates the energy response characteristics of this high-sensitivity radiochromic film for both diagnostic and therapeutic x-ray energies. Results are also compared to conventional silver halide x-ray film for energy response. Results show that the energy response of the new XR type-R film is minimal over the 75-125 kVp range (9% variation with +/-3% error in measurement to 1 SD). This is compared to a 27% variation for X-Omat V radiographic film for the same energy range. XR type-R film does, however, produce a larger energy response variation when compared over a larger therapeutic x-ray range (50 kVp superficial to 10 MV megavoltage) with a relative response of 10.4 at 125 kVp compared to 1 at 6 MV. This is significantly different to MD-55-2 and HS Gafchromic film which has a lower energy response at lower energies. XR type-R film is ideal for a quantitative dosimeter in the low energy range due to its relative energy independence and high sensitivity compared to conventional radiochromic film.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗

Reflection spectrometry analysis of irradiated GAFCHROMIC XR type R radiochromic films.

The absorption spectra of the GAFCHROMIC XR type R radiochromic film measured with reflectance spectroscopy have been investigated in order to analyze the dosimetry characteristics of the film. Like the XR type T film, this film features two peaks in its absorption spectrum, approximately at 676 and 618 nm, whose intensities increase with increasing absorbed dose. When the main absorption peak at 676 nm is used, the XR GAFCHROMIC type R film is approximately 1.4 times more sensitive to radiation doses in the 0-5 Gy range than the XR type T film. The major difference of the films of this type from the original GAFCHROMIC film products is the opaque backing material, which permits only reflected, but not transmitted, light measurements as a means of analysis. A yellow dye is used as the opaque backing to enhance the visible color change for qualitative assessment of the delivered dose. The XR type R radiochromic film in combination with reflection spectroscopy can provide accurate assessment of doses.

Journal Article↗

Peripheral dose measurement with a MOSFET detector.

The accuracy of a MOSFET dosimetry system with respect to peripheral therapeutic doses from high-energy X-rays has been evaluated. The results have been compared with ionisation chamber measurements in the same peripheral regions of the beam. For 6 MV and 18 MV X-ray beams, the MOSFET system in the high-sensitivity mode produces reproducibility of dose measurement with relative standard deviations within 1% of the maximal dose in the beam, if the measurement is made upto 15 cm away from the beam edge. The results have shown that the MOSFET device can adequately measure peripheral doses, which would be beneficial for in vivo dose assessments in radiotherapy.

Humans↗

Absorption spectra analysis of exposed FWT-60 radiochromic film.

The visible absorption spectra of Radiachromic FWT-60 radiochromic film have been investigated to analyse the dosimetry characteristics of the film. The film is radiation sensitive to high absorbed doses. The visible absorption spectra of this film when exposed to photon radiation show a peak at 605 nm which is stable over the dose range of 0 Gy to 20 kGy. The radiation sensitive absorption spectra are present over the wavelength range of approximately 500 nm to 660 nm. Negligible dose response is seen in the infrared region or the UV region of wavelength readout. Variation of sensitivity of response can be achieved by varying the wavelength of readout with the maximum measured response of 0.077 OD units per kGy. The film can be an ideal dosimeter for areas where high dose levels need to be measured.

Film Dosimetry↗

Experimental energy response verification of XR type T radiochromic film.

This short note investigates the energy response characteristics of a relatively new high sensitivity radiochromic film (XR type T) and compares it to other radiochromic and radiographic films and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Results show that the energy response of the new XR type T film is relatively large over the range of therapeutic energies from 50 kVp superficial x-ray treatment to 18 MV high energy radiotherapy treatment. When normalized to 1 at a standard 6 MV radiotherapy x-ray energy the XR type T film produced a normalized dose response of approximately 6 in the energy range of 30 keV to 70 keV thus representing an increase in sensitivity at lower energies similar to that observed for radiographic x-ray films. This is quite different from previous versions of Gafchromic film where the energy response of the film decreases at lower energies down to levels approximately 0.6-0.7 for the same effective energies. This type of film has been optimized for use in diagnostic energy ranges producing a relatively uniform dose response in the 30 keV to 70 keV range.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗

Visible absorption properties of radiation exposed XR type-T radiochromic film.

The visible absorption spectra of Gafchromic XR type-T radiochromic film have been investigated to analyse the dosimetry characteristics of the film with visible light densitometers. Common densitometers can use photospectrometry, fluorescent light (broad-band visible), helium neon (632 nm), light emitting diode (LED) or other specific bandwidth spectra. The visible absorption spectra of this film when exposed to photon radiation show peaks at 676 nm and 618 nm at 2 Gy absorbed doses which shift to slightly lower wavelengths (662 nm and 612 nm at 8 Gy absorbed dose) at higher doses. This is similar to previous models of Gafchromic film such as MD-55-2 and HS but XR type-T also includes a large absorption at lower visible wavelengths due to 'yellow' dyes placed within the film to aid with visible recognition of the film exposure level. The yellow dye band pass is produced at approximately 520 nm to 550 nm and absorbs wavelengths lower than this value within the visible spectrum. This accounts for the colour change from yellow to brown through the added absorption in the red wavelengths with radiation exposure. The film produces a relatively high dose sensitivity with up to 0.25 OD units per Gy change at 672 nm at 100 kVp x-ray energy. Variations in dose sensitivity can be achieved by varying wavelength analysis.

Absorption↗

Effects of temperature variation on MOSFET dosimetry.

This note investigates temperature effects on dosimetry using a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) for radiotherapy x-ray treatment. This was performed by analysing the dose response and threshold voltage outputs for MOSFET dosimeters as a function of ambient temperature. Results have shown that the clinical semiconductor dosimetry system (CSDS) MOSFET provides stable dose measurements with temperatures varying from 15 degrees C up to 40 degrees C. Thus standard irradiations performed at room temperature can be directly compared to in vivo dose assessments performed at near body temperature without a temperature correction function. The MOSFET dosimeter threshold voltage varies with temperature and this level is dependent on the dose history of the MOSFET dosimeter. However, the variation can be accounted for in the measurement method. For accurate dosimetry, the detector should be placed for approximately 60 s on a patient to allow thermal equilibrium before measurements are taken with the final reading performed whilst still attached to the patient or conversely left for approximately 120 s after removal from the patient if initial readout was measured at room temperature to allow temperature equilibrium to be established.

Calibration↗

Surface dose extrapolation measurements with radiographic film.

Assessment of surface dose delivered from radiotherapy x-ray beams for optimal results should be performed both inside and outside the prescribed treatment fields. An extrapolation technique can be used with radiographic film to perform surface dose assessment for open field high energy x-ray beams. This can produce an accurate two-dimensional map of surface dose if required. Results have shown that the surface percentage dose can be estimated within +/-3% of parallel plate ionization chamber results with radiographic film using a series of film layers to produce an extrapolated result. Extrapolated percentage dose assessment for 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm square fields was estimated to be 15% +/- 2%, 29% +/- 3% and 38% +/- 3% at the central axis and relatively uniform across the treatment field. The corresponding parallel plate ionization chamber measurements are 16%, 27% and 37%, respectively. Surface doses are also measured outside the treatment field which are mainly due to scattered electron contamination. To achieve this result, film calibration curves must be irradiated to similar x-ray field sizes as the experimental film to minimize quantitative variations in film optical density caused by varying x-ray spectrum with field size.

Calibration↗