Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in sheep following intravenous and subcutaneous administration.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
V Ahuja
Publications and source records attributed to V Ahuja.
Effect of aqueous Euphorbia hirta leaf extract on gastrointestinal motility.
The aqueous leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta decreased the gastrointestinal motility in normal rats and decreased the effect of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice.
Animals↗
Livestock services and the poor.
This paper reviews the economic framework for the delivery of livestock services to the poor. It is argued that the demand for livestock products is likely to increase rapidly and the ability of the poor to participate in the opportunities presented by this growth is linked critically to the availability of good service support, both on the input and output side. Governments therefore have a responsibility to supply the necessary public goods (including the institutions and legal frameworks), and the market infrastructure for facilitating the emergence of efficient markets for livestock services. The paper further argues that the dynamics of public policy in developing countries are much more complex than the simple application of economic logic. It is the larger political economy that often dictates policy choices. It is therefore important to integrate political economy and governance issues into the economic debate on livestock service delivery. The paper also reviews the context in which the markets for livestock services will need to function. Different countries are facing very different sets of issues, and the identification of possible interventions in livestock service markets would require careful field research and analysis. In this context, the paper suggests the elements of a research agenda for the next few years.
Animal Diseases↗
Comparison of efficacy of pantoprazole alone versus pantoprazole plus mosapride in therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized trial.
The present study aimed to compare the efficacy for the therapy of GERD of pantoprazole alone with a combination of pantoprazole and mosapride. The study was a prospective, randomized trial involving 68 patients suffering heartburn and/or regurgitation at least twice a week for 6 weeks. Sixty-one patients consented to be randomized to receive either pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d. (n = 33, group A) or pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d. plus mosapride 5 mg t.d.s. (n = 28, group B) for 8 weeks. Twenty-four-hour esophageal pH-metry and endoscopy were conducted at recruitment and endoscopy was repeated at 8 weeks in all the patients studied. There were no differences in symptomatic responses to therapy between the groups (69.7% vs 89.2%; P = 0.11). The mean symptom score after 8 weeks was significantly lower in group B (3.78 +/- 3.62 vs 1.67 +/- 2.09; P = 0.009). Nonerosive esophagitis was present in 29 patients. In patients with nonerosive GERD there was no significant difference in symptomatic response to either regimen (17/20 in group A and 7/9 in group B responded; P = 0.63). In erosive esophagitis, symptomatic responses occurred more frequently in group B, 18/19 (94.7%), than in group A, 6/13 (46.2%; P = 0.003). However endoscopic healing of esophagitis occurred equally with either regimen (6/11, 54.5% in group A; 12/17, 70.5% in group B; P = 0.44). In nonerosive GERD, the addition of mosapride offers no benefit over pantoprazole alone. A combination of pantoprazole and mosapride is more effective than pantoprazole alone in providing symptomatic relief to patients with erosive GERD.
2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
The economic rationale of public and private sector roles in the provision of animal health services.
In the changing market environment of livestock products, the delivery of animal health services is emerging as an important priority area for enhancing the competitiveness of poor livestock producers. At the same time, governments are continuing to face serious budgetary difficulties and are finding it difficult to expand the reach of these services or improve service quality. In this context of a changing environment and dwindling public resources, this paper revisits the economic framework that has thus far guided thinking about public and private sector roles in the provision of animal health services and examines the ongoing debate on livestock service delivery for the poor. The paper highlights the importance of strong institutions and appropriate legislation for regulating behaviour and enforcing contracts and re-emphasises the idea, which is supported by economic theory, that there is a need for task sharing between the public and private sectors. The paper further emphasizes the need for: a) integrating the debate on livestock service delivery with the larger debate on political economy and institutional development, and b) ensuring service access in poor marginal areas by working through membership organisations, self-help groups and civil society organisations, and by promoting the use of para-professionals and community-based animal health delivery systems.
Animal Welfare↗
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in cows following single dose intravenous administration.
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Animals↗
The delivery of veterinary services to poorer communities: the case of rural Orissa, India.
This paper presents the results of a field survey on use patterns and demand for clinical veterinary services in one of the poorest states of India, namely, Orissa. A demand function was estimated using Poisson regression and demand elasticities were obtained for various income groups. The survey shows that large numbers of households, including the poor, pay prices that are significantly higher than those prescribed. There is no targeting of cheaper services towards the poor. The analysis also suggests that for a given service and place of service, the poor actually paid more on a per veterinary visit basis. As a result, the rate of service utilisation was significantly lower for poor households. Demand analysis confirmed that the demand for veterinary services is not determined by subsidised service delivery, but by access to output markets and general awareness levels. In the light of these findings, the paper makes a number of recommendations for redefining the role of the Government in veterinary service delivery in Orissa.
Animal Husbandry↗
Management of amebic and pyogenic liver abscess.
The management of pyogenic liver abscess differs radically from that of amebic liver abscess. Medical management is the cornerstone of therapy in amebic liver abscess while early intervention in the form of surgical therapy or catheter drainage and parenteral antibiotics is the rule in pyogenic liver abscess. The prognosis of amebic abscess is much better than that of pyogenic abscess and usually a quick response to therapy is seen in amebic abscess.
Humans↗
14C urea breath test does not predict density of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer disease.
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The density of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa has prognostic significance, higher densities being associated with greater chances of development of duodenal ulcer and chronic atrophic gastritis as well as poor eradication by drug therapy. The aim of this study was to assess if 14C-urea breath test counts reflect bacterial density. METHODS: Sixty patients with endoscopically proven active duodenal ulcer and H. pylori positivity as determined by rapid urease test and gastric histology were studied. Gastric antral and corpus biopsies were graded for chronic gastritis, activity (presence of polymorphonuclear cells) and bacterial density (at surface and in pits) based on the Sydney system on a scale of four grades ranging from 0 to 3 (absent, mild, moderate and severe). 14C urea breath test was performed in all the patients. RESULTS: Chronic gastritis as well as activity was more prevalent as well as severe in the antrum as compared to the corpus. H. pylori density was also significantly more in the antrum as compared to the corpus both at the surface as well as in the pits. H. pylori density correlated with the grade of chronic gastritis and activity both in the antrum and in the corpus. Urea breath test counts ranged from 331.3 cpm (counts per minute) to 8770.5 cpm and these did not correlate with histological H. pylori density at any of the sites. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: 14C urea breath test does not reflect H. pylori density on histology in patients of duodenal ulcer disease.
Adolescent↗
Survey of gastrointestinal endoscope disinfection and accessory reprocessing practices in the Asia-Pacific region.
Concern has been raised about the possibility of transmission of infection by gastrointestinal endoscope. This vexation may be related to reliability of the disinfecting techniques or to the compliance with the guidelines laid down for disinfection. There have been very few recent surveys examining the disinfection practices for gastrointestinal endoscopes and their accessories. This survey was undertaken to understand such practices in the Asia-Pacific region. A questionnaire was sent by post or electronic mail to 356 randomly selected endoscopy centres in the Asia-Pacific region. Responses were received from 38.7% of the centres. The survey showed that there were significant aberrations in the application of disinfection procedures. One-third of the respondents did not practise disinfection at the start of the day's session, 2.9% of the centres were not using a high-level disinfectant and 34.7% of the centres used a soak time in 2% glutaraldehyde of less than 10 min. At 40% of the centres, at the end of the day's session, forced air or alcohol was not used to dry the endoscopes. Reuse of accessories meant for single use was widely practised.
Asia↗
Non-United States guidelines for endoscope reprocessing.
A worldwide concern has emerged with regard to endoscope disinfection, and many gastrointestinal endoscopy associations have guidelines for proper disinfection of endoscopes and endoscopic accessories. They are not much different from those of the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and include mechanical cleaning as the first and most important step followed by immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde for periods ranging from 5 to 20 minutes. Lack of compliance with these guidelines has been noted, however, in 20 to 70% of centers in Europe, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Asia. Automated disinfectors are being universally recommended to ensure better compliance. Two other improvements are use of peracetic acid as an alternative disinfectant and use of a disposable sheath over the endoscope.
Australia↗
Peptic ulcer disease in the tropics--lessons from India.
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Humans↗
Ligand-dependent tau filament formation: implications for Alzheimer's disease progression.
The mechanism through which arachidonic acid induces the polymerization of tau protein into filaments under reducing conditions was characterized through a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Results show that polymerization follows a ligand-mediated mechanism, where binding of arachidonic acid is an obligate step preceding tau-tau interaction. Homopolymerization begins with rapid (on the order of seconds) nucleation, followed by a slower elongation phase (on the order of hours). Although essentially all synthetic filaments have straight morphology at early time points, they interact with thioflavin-S and monoclonal antibody Alz50 much like authentic paired helical filaments, suggesting that the conformation of tau protein is similar in the two filament forms. Over a period of days, synthetic straight filaments gradually adopt paired helical morphology. These results define a novel pathway of tau filament formation under reducing conditions, where oxidation may contribute to final paired helical morphology, but is not a necessary prerequisite for efficient nucleation or elongation of tau filaments.
Alzheimer Disease↗
Head and neck manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common esophageal disease. Besides the typical presentation of heartburn and acid regurgitation, either alone or in combination, GERD can cause atypical symptoms. An estimated 20 to 60 percent of patients with GERD have head and neck symptoms without any appreciable heartburn. While the most common head and neck symptom is a globus sensation (a lump in the throat), the head and neck manifestations can be diverse and may be misleading in the initial work-up. Thus, a high index of suspicion is required. Laryngoscopy can confirm the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Erythema of the posterior larynx may be seen, and the true vocal cords may be edematous. Treatment should be initiated with a histamine H2 receptor blocker or proton pump inhibitor. Lifestyle changes are also beneficial. Untreated, GERD can lead to chronic laryngitis, dysphonia, chronic sore throat, chronic cough, constant throat clearing, granuloma of the true vocal cords and other problems.
Adult↗
Coagulation abnormalities in idiopathic portal venous thrombosis.
BACKGROUND: Portal vein thrombosis, usually idiopathic, is the cause of portal hypertension in 46% of Indian patients, who present with a variceal bleed. The presence of lupus anticoagulant (LA) and antithrombin III deficiency have been reported to be associated with an increased tendency to venous thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 30 patients with portal venous thrombosis diagnosed by ultrasound. Two patients were positive for a lupus anticoagulant and both had very prolonged partial thromboplastin time with kaolin. None of the patients had antithrombin III deficiency.
Adolescent↗
The prognostic significance of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging for patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.
BACKGROUND: A fundamental property of malignant tumors is increased glucose metabolism, which can be estimated by imaging the glucose analog fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The aim of this study was to determine whether FDG uptake in lung carcinoma, as measured on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in patients with newly diagnosed bronchogenic carcinoma, has prognostic significance. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients with a new diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma and FDG-PET imaging was performed. Stage at presentation, cell type, tumor size, and survival data were recorded. For each patient, a standardized uptake ratio (SUR) was calculated for the primary lesion on PET and was correlated with clinical information to determine prognostic significance. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-five patients, with a mean age of 56 years, were enrolled. One hundred eighteen patients (76%) had lesions with SUR values <10 and had a median survival of 24.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.9-41.1). Thirty-seven patients (24%) had tumor lesions with SUR values >10 and had a median survival of 11.4 months (95% CI: 9.3-19.4). An SUR >10 correlated with poorer survival (P = 0.0049). Patients with primary lesions >3 cm and an SUR > 10 had the worst prognosis, with a median survival of 5.7 months (95% CI: 4.0-13.1). Multivariate analysis demonstrated than an SUR > 10 provided prognostic information independent of the clinical stage and lesion size. CONCLUSIONS: On PET studies of patients with lung carcinoma, FDG uptake within the primary lesion correlates with survival.
Adult↗
Lansoprazole and secnidazole with clarithromycin, amoxycillin or pefloxacin in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in a developing country.
BACKGROUND: A number of triple drug regimens using proton pump inhibitors and two antibiotics have been evaluated in the West and reported to achieve Helicobacter pylori eradication rates of over 90%. In developing countries however, these combinations have neither been well evaluated, nor the optimum treatment for H. pylori infection well defined. AIM: To compare the combination of a proton pump inhibitor with a nitroimidazole and another antibiotic in eradicating H. pylori infection and healing duodenal ulcer. METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients with active duodenal ulcer who were positive for H. pylori (by rapid urease test and 14C-urea breath test) were randomized into three treatments groups: (1) LAS (n=21): lansoprazole 30 mg o.m., amoxycillin 500 mg q.d.s. and secnidazole 2 g on alternate days for 2 weeks; (2) LCS (n=18): lansoprazole 30 mg o.m., clarithromycin 500 mg b.d. and secnidazole 2 g on alternate days for 1 week; (3) LPS (n=21): lansoprazole 30 mg o.m., pefloxacin 400 mg o.m. and secnidazole 2 g on alternate days for 2 weeks. Urease and breath tests were performed at 0, 6 and 12 weeks to check for H. pylori eradication. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat eradication rates were as follows: LAS 86%, LCS 83%, LPS 71%; the overall ulcer healing rate was 90% at 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: High H. pylori eradication rates were achieved using the amoxycillin- and clarithromycin-based therapies. Fewer side-effects, better compliance and low cost favoured the amoxycillin-based therapy.
2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
Can the C-14 urea breath test replace follow-up endoscopic biopsies in patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection?
BACKGROUND: The C-14 urea breath test (UBT) is the most specific noninvasive test to detect Helicobacter pylori, with reported sensitivity and specificity rates of 90% and 95%, respectively. This test has not been evaluated for eradication after a therapeutic trial. The goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of C-14 UBT in the diagnosis and eradication of H. pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer who were treated with a triple drug regimen. METHODS: Sixty patients with active duodenal ulcers who tested positive for the rapid urease test had a C-14 UBT at 0 weeks (at enrollment) and at 6 and 12 weeks using 5 microCi (185 KBq) of C-14 urea. A single breath sample was collected at 15 minutes for UBT. H. pylori was eradicated using lansoprazole and two antibiotics. RESULTS: Receiver operator characteristic curves showed that, using a value of 400 counts per minute (cpm), UBT had a sensitivity rate of 91%, specificity rate of 93%, positive predictive value of 77%, and a negative predictive value of 97% in the prediction of H. pylori eradication. The mean + 3 SD of H. pylori-negative patients was 380.1 cpm; at this cutoff value, the sensitivity and specificity rates were 91.3% and 92.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The C-14 UBT was an accurate, rapid, and easily administered test to diagnose initial H. pylori infection and to monitor its eradication, thereby obviating the need for repeated endoscopic biopsies.
2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗