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Biomedical subjects

V B Van Hasselt

Publications and source records attributed to V B Van Hasselt.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Social skills training for depressed, visually impaired older adults. A treatment manual.

Late-onset visual impairment due to cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy afflicts approximately 10% of people older than 65, and often results in depression and social dysfunction. Whereas the majority of sighted older adults are active participants in their community, individuals suffering from progressively worsening vision experience heightened levels of isolation and reduced social support, and participate in fewer reinforcing recreational activities. This article describes our social skills training package for the treatment of depressed, visually impaired, older adults. Our treatment focuses on increasing the frequency and level of assertiveness with which visually impaired older adults interact with each other. In addition to specified treatment methods, our empirically derived program employs standardized assessment measures to evaluate therapeutic progress. Sessions are implemented to reinforce efforts to apply social skills in the environment and reestablish skills that have begun to fade.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Remedying the Achilles heel of behavior research and therapy: prescriptive matching of intervention and psychopathology.

Recent calls for eclecticism in clinical practice have been fueled by the putative limitations of behavioral techniques in treating a variety of psychological problems. However, calls for such integration do not appear to be justified for two related reasons. First, the precise conditions under which behavioral interventions are and are not effective have not yet been adequately delineated. Consequently, rejection of behavioral interventions in favor of relatively indiscriminate application of cognitive strategies is premature. Second, behavior therapy has as its hallmark a thorough grounding in inductive empiricism, while cognitive/dynamic theories are wholly based in deductive rationalism. As a result, wholesale acceptance of alternative theories and techniques by behaviorists is both inconsistent and retrogressive. Cognitive interventions have their place, but only when cognitive distortions have been specifically identified. Therefore, refinement of behavioral treatments into prescriptive interventions is warranted. The parameters of prescriptive behavior therapy are described in this paper.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1994

Behavioral assessment and treatment of social phobia. An evaluative review.

This article provides an empirically derived description of social phobia, including onset, prevalence, comorbidity, and issues of differential diagnosis. Assessment and behavioral treatment strategies for social phobia are reviewed. It was not until the past few years that structured clinical interviews and self-report inventories have been developed with adequate reliability and validity to specifically assess social phobia. Thus much of the treatment outcome research is confounded with heterogeneous samples that make generalization of results difficult to interpret. Heterogeneity of samples, lack of controlled comparisons with adequate statistical power to detect treatment differences, and inconsistent findings do not permit the drawing of any definitive conclusions concerning the efficacy of behavioral treatment procedures at this time. More treatment comparison studies for social phobia need to be performed using structured clinical interviews and standardized assessment devices specific for use with social phobia. Pre hoc power analyses should be performed to determine the number of subjects deemed adequate to detect differences when performing comparison studies. Assessment and treatment of social phobia with children is conspicuously nonexistent. Assessment and treatment procedures for social phobia need to be developed and standardized with children.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Cognitive distortions and adolescent affective disorder. Validity of the CNCEQ in an inpatient sample. Children's Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire.

Despite a proliferation of recent research examining childhood and adolescent depression, the area still lags behind the adult depression field, particularly in the investigation of cognitive correlates of affective psychopathology. To advance cognitive research with youth, the Children's Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CNCEQ) was developed to provide a measure of cognitive distortions or errors in children and adolescents. Yet, few studies have employed the CNCEQ and no evidence exists supporting the validity of its four component cognitive error scales. The purpose of the present study was to examine the construct validity of the CNCEQ and its constituent scales through the use of factor analysis and criterion-group comparisons. Groups of adolescent psychiatric inpatients, diagnosed as affective or disruptive disordered, completed the CNCEQ following admission. Results failed to support the implicit four-factor structure of the CNCEQ, instead suggesting the appropriateness of a single-factor solution labeled "negative thinking." Despite no diagnostic group differences on the CNCEQ total or other scale scores, affective disordered patients evinced more cognitive errors on the Overgeneralizing scale. Findings suggest that the CNCEQ in its current stage of development holds promise, yet requires refinement to produce a valid measure of cognitive functioning in youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Behavioral assessment of anxiety in older adults. Some comments.

The behavioral assessment of anxiety in older adults is reviewed in this article. Despite the high rate of anxiety symptoms uncovered during the course of large-scale epidemiological studies, the comprehensive evaluation of anxiety in this age group (55 and over) is not highly sophisticated at this juncture. In this review, diagnostic issues, psychometric evaluation, motoric assessment, and psychophysiological assessment are considered. Throughout the articles, gaps in the extant research are identified, and a research agenda for the future is developed.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Behavioral interventions to reduce maladaptive responding in youth with dual sensory impairment. An analysis of direct and concurrent effects.

Many persons who have multiple sensory, physical, and developmental disabilities display behaviors that interfere significantly with adaptive functioning and social acceptance. In this investigation, the efficacy of multiple component behavioral interventions for reducing maladaptive responding exhibited by two individuals with dual sensory impairment and profound mental retardation was evaluated. Results indicated that differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) approaches were not effective in either case. However, when deceleration procedures (overcorrection or brief physical restraint) were added, target behaviors decreased quickly. Also, interventions were faded in such a way that gains were maintained for 6 months with only minimal effort by staff. Ongoing assessment of concurrent effects of behavior reduction strategies revealed increases in time on task or amount of work completed, even though these responses were not targeted specifically. Yet negative side effects (e.g., increases in self-stimulation) also were documented, highlighting the importance of evaluating multiple behaviors during intervention. Finally, despite the fact that objective assessments led to positive conclusions regarding treatment efficacy, ratings of baseline and treatment behavior samples by independent judges showed overall improvement in only one case. These findings suggest the need for multifaceted evaluation to determine the utility of interventions in applied settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Maltreatment in psychiatrically hospitalized dually diagnosed adolescent substance abusers.

The medical charts of 150 consecutive admissions of dually diagnosed substance abusing adolescents admitted to a psychiatric hospital were examined to determine the extent and characteristics of maltreatment. Results indicated that 61% of the sample experienced or had a history that warranted suspicion of past and/or current maltreatment. Physical abuse was the most frequent form of maltreatment, followed by sexual abuse and neglect. Thirty-seven percent of patients experienced multiple forms of maltreatment. Maltreated patients had significantly more hospitalizations than their nonmaltreated counterparts on the same unit. Moreover, the age of maltreated patients was significantly lower than nonmaltreated patients, perhaps indicating an earlier age of onset of psychiatric illness and/or substance abuse. Analyses of parental substance abuse and psychiatric history among the maltreated and nonmaltreated groups revealed no significant findings. Results are discussed in terms of the following: (1) increased risk of subsequent substance abuse in maltreated children; (2) need for systematic assessment of child maltreatment in psychological or psychiatric evaluations; and (3) importance of treatment to deal with abuse or neglect as part of a comprehensive substance abuse intervention strategy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Parent-child problem-solving interactions in families of visually impaired youth.

Investigated problem-solving and conflict-resolution strategies, an important aspect of family functioning, in visually impaired adolescents and their parents. Visually impaired adolescents were compared to adolescents with spina bifida and a control group of adolescents without disabilities. Parent-adolescent dyads participated in a problem-solving discussion of topics reflecting family disagreement. Videotapes of these discussions were rated for patterns of interaction using the Marital Interaction Coding System (MICS-III). Examination of positive and negative reciprocal patterns of interaction using sequential analyses and contrasting frequencies of specific behavioral codes revealed no differences between groups for adolescents, mothers, and fathers on the problem-solving discussion. Results are discussed in terms of (a) the impact of visual impairment on family functioning and (b) the need to identify those subgroups of visually impaired and their families that may be at heightened risk for maladjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Abuse and neglect in psychiatrically hospitalized multihandicapped children.

Medical charts of 150 consecutive admissions of multihandicapped children to a psychiatric hospital were examined to determine the extent and characteristics of abuse and neglect. Results indicated that 39% of the sample experienced or had a history that warranted suspicion of past and/or current maltreatment. Physical abuse was the most frequent type of maltreatment, followed by neglect and sexual abuse. Maltreated multihandicapped patients admitted to the psychiatric unit were less likely to receive diagnoses of organic brain syndrome or profound mental retardation than nonmaltreated multihandicapped counterparts on the same unit. Moreover, data indicated that less severely impaired patients were more likely to be maltreated than were the more severely impaired. Particularly striking was the severity of maltreatment in this multihandicapped sample and the relatively high percentage (40%) of sexually abused patients who were assaulted by multiple perpetrators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Psychometric properties and social correlates of assertion measures in chronic alcoholics.

Assertion is a major focus of many social skills interventions for alcoholics. The assessment of assertion often relies on self-report measures. However, few psychometric data are available on the most frequently used instruments. This study determined the internal characteristics and structure of two commonly employed measures of assertion: the Wolpe-Lazarus Assertion Inventory and the Callner-Ross Assertion Inventory. In addition, the relationship between responses on these devices and demographic variables, extent of substance abuse, and level of social functioning were examined. Results indicated that both inventories exhibit adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Factor structures were relatively simple and represented general assertion situations. Results are discussed in terms of the need for further refinement of these instruments.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A graduated guidance procedure for teaching self-dressing skills to multihandicapped children.

The effectiveness of a graduated guidance procedure for increasing independence in dressing was examined in a multiple baseline analysis across behaviors. Two multihandicapped children were trained to dress in socks, pants, and shirt. In training sessions, subjects completed the entire sequence of steps involved in putting on the training garment on each trial. Trainer assistance was provided as necessary, but was faded systematically according to a hierarchy of intrusiveness. Positive reinforcement was delivered contingent on dressing with increased independence. Assessment of independent responses followed each training session. Dependent measures were derived from a task analysis of each dressing behavior. Results showed that both children learned dressing skills, although rates of acquisition varied considerably. Generalization of treatment effects to similar garments was observed; maintenance of skills was evident at follow-up probes conducted at 36 weeks for one child and 18 weeks for the other.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

Parent training to increase compliance in a young multihandicapped child.

A training program was implemented to modify a mother's behavior management skills to improve compliance in her 4-year-old child who suffered from severe developmental and physical disabilities. A multiple baseline analysis indicated that behavioral intervention was effective in training the mother to make definitive commands, provide appropriate positive attention, and persist with commands during social interactions with her child. In addition, substantial improvement in the child's compliance with mother's commands followed introduction of parent training. Further, positive collateral effects included the child's increased time on-task and decreased oppositional behavior. All gains were maintained at a 6-month follow-up probe.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

Assessment of social skills in visually-handicapped adolescents.

The present study provided a comprehensive behavioral assessment of social skill in visually-handicapped adolescents. Role-play tests, standardized interviews, parent ratings and judgements of physical attractiveness were employed to evaluate level of social functioning among: (1) 18 visually-handicapped adolescents in a residential school; (2) 17 visually-handicapped adolescents in public schools; and (3) 17 sighted adolescents in public schools. Results indicated that visually-handicapped adolescents exhibited deficits on selected verbal components of social skill. Moreover, these deficiencies were most apparent in visually-handicaped Ss from a residential setting. Findings are discussed in terms of the utility of social skills training for a subset of visually-handicapped adolescents and the importance of additional controlled research with visually-handicapped persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Alcohol use in wife abusers and their spouses.

The present study provided an assessment of alcohol use in couples characterized by wife abuse. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Quantity-Frequency Index, Impairment Index, and a questionnaire tapping frequency and magnitude of violent episodes were administered to couples who were: (a) physically abusive, (b) maritally discordant but nonviolent, and (c) satisfactorily married. Results indicated significantly higher scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test in physically abusive males based on their self-reports as well as wives' reports of husbands' drinking behavior. No significant differences were found between groups of wives on alcohol measures. In addition, correlational analyses revealed a number of significant relationships between husbands' self-reported drinking and wives' responses concerning their spouses' alcohol use. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for more extensive assessment of physically abusive males, and the utility of examining the interactive influences of alcohol and other factors on marital violence.

Adult↗