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Biomedical subjects

V Braithwaite

Publications and source records attributed to V Braithwaite.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Contextual or general stress outcomes: making choices through caregiving appraisals.

This study contributes to the debate on general versus contextual measures of caregiver well-being through examining the differential relationships of caregiving appraisals to outcomes. Six dimensions of caregiving appraisal were examined as predictors of minor psychiatric symptoms, affect balance, and burden. Burden was high, symptoms were high, and affect was poor when caregivers held appraisals that reflected (a) low personal resiliency and (b) a conflict-ridden and dysfunctional relationship with the care receiver. When caregivers reported expending (c) considerable energy in maintaining their social networks, burden was also high, with some risk of symptoms, but affect was positive. The fourth appraisal, (d) a close loving caregiver-care receiver relationship, was positively correlated with general well-being, but was not related to burden. The fifth appraisal, (e) dealing with a heavy workload in providing care, was linked with poor affect, but neither symptoms nor burden. Finally, (f) caring at a distance was related to burden, but not to the general outcome measures. These findings suggest that the foci of research questions might be usefully located within an appraisal framework, and that this framework might then provide guidance for the choice of appropriate outcome variables. In many cases, however, a deeper understanding ensues from assessing both contextual and general well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Institutional respite care: breaking chores or breaking social bonds?

This article addresses the question of why respite care is evaluated positively by caregivers, yet is often not used by those considered to be in need of the service. Data from interviews with 144 caregivers in Canberra, Australia, are the basis for examining the relationships between five appraisal dimensions and respite care usage, both in the past and in the future. These data show that use of respite care is higher when the task demands of caregiving are high and when caregivers and care receivers are bound together in dysfunctional caregiving relationships. The factor that is most likely to reduce the likelihood that respite care will be used in the future when past use is controlled is the caregiver's appraisal of an intimate and loving relationship between caregiver and care receiver.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Between stressors and outcomes: can we simplify caregiving process variables?

Lawton, Kleban, Moss, Rovine & Glicksman's (1989) construction of caregiving appraisal is examined through a principal components analysis and varimax rotation of a data set based on in-depth quantitative interviews with 144 caregivers. Five caregiving appraisal dimensions were identified. Two dealt specifically with the provision of care: "task load caregiving" and "dysfunctional caregiving." The remaining three were primarily concerned with social supportiveness: "intimacy and love," "social captivity," and "social distance." "Dysfunctional caregiving" was the only type of appraisal that had significant bivariate relationships with poor mental health, low psychological well-being and subsequent institutionalization. A sixth dimension identified in this analysis, "inner strength and efficacy," represented psychological resources. Its independence from the appraisal measures supports Lawton et al.'s (1989) assumption that resources and appraisals can be measured separately. In contrast, social resources are better conceptualized as an integral part of caregiving appraisals.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Caregivers' emotional well-being and their capacity to learn about stroke.

This study examines the effects of distress on the capacity of informal caregivers of stroke patients to absorb information about stroke and caregiving. Thirty-seven caregivers took part in a stroke seminar. Minor psychiatric symptoms were related to caregivers' knowledge prior to the seminar, with the more emotionally distressed being the least knowledgeable. The emotional state of the caregivers, however, did not affect how much they learnt. Knowledge after the seminar was best predicted from pre-seminar knowledge and age. Older caregivers were less well-informed afterwards, although they did not differ significantly from younger caregivers in their scores initially. These findings do not discount the possibility that emotional carers are too shocked to take in information from hospital staff at the time of admission. The data do demonstrate that, given time to accept the caregiving role, emotional carers are receptive to learning about stroke and the stroke patient's needs.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The survival roles of children of alcoholics: their measurement and validity.

Scales to measure five survival roles proposed by Black (1979) and Wegscheider (1976) as characteristic of children of alcoholics were developed and tested among a sample of 112 adolescents. Scales representing the lost child, the acting out child, and the mascot were highly intercorrelated, but use of the placater role was relatively unrelated to the other roles. The relationship between parental drinking and role use was examined using hierarchical multiple regressions which controlled for sex, age and three family variables, intimacy, deliberateness and cohesiveness. Parental alcoholism contributed to children adopting the acting out role, did not contribute to explaining variation in the lost child and mascot roles, but was the sole predictor of the adoption of the responsible child role. In the case of the placater role, controlling family deliberateness led to the emergence of a previously masked relationship with parental alcoholism. The survival roles appear to be as much a response to family disorganization as to parental alcoholism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Life satisfaction and adjustment of children of alcoholics: the effects of parental drinking, family disorganization and survival roles.

The stress paradigm was used to investigate the extent to which parental alcohol dependency, family disorganization ana Black's (1979) and Wegscheider's (1976) survival roles affected the adjustment of children of alcoholics (COAs). The study was cross-sectional based on the responses of a non-random community sample of 112 adolescents. The predictors of life satisfaction differed from the predictors of minor psychiatric symptoms. Parental alcohol dependency had no direct effect on minor psychiatric symptoms, with low family cohesiveness and intimacy being the major determinants of psychopathology. In contrast, parental alcohol dependency and family disharmony had an additive effect on level of life satisfaction. Family variables did not buffer children from the effects of alcohol once they recognized parental drinking as a problem. Nor did the survival roles protect children in any way. Indeed, the roles of the 'lost' child, the 'acting-out' child, and the 'clown' were detrimental to well-being.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1992

Stereotypes of emotional caregivers and their capacity to absorb information: the views of nurses, stroke carers and the general public.

This study examines the phenomenon of stereotyping informal caregivers' capacity to learn about the condition of stroke victims. Forty-nine nurses, 55 carers and 39 members of the general public gave their opinions on how emotional they considered six hypothetical wives of stroke patients to be and how much information they thought each wife would be able to absorb. Results indicated that nurses were more pessimistic than caregivers in their assessment of how much information could be absorbed, even though these two groups did not differ in their assessment of the emotionality of the wives. Nurses and the general public responded in accordance with the expected stereotype: those rated as being high in emotionality were less likely to absorb information. No such association emerged from the ratings of caregivers. The existence of the stereotype, particularly among health professionals, has serious implications for rehabilitation programmes and caregiver well-being, and provides an explanation for why caregivers sometimes feel neglected in medical settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Progress in assessing the quality of Australian nursing home care.

This paper critically examines the clarity, practicality, desirability and validity of the 31 outcome standards that the Commonwealth Government introduced to assess quality of care in Australian nursing homes. Key features of the Australian system in an international context are its focus on outcomes, the limited number of standards used, and the comparatively subjective nature of some standards. Directors of nursing from 410 nursing homes in the Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide metropolitan areas were interviewed as part of the Nursing Home Regulation in Action Project. The overwhelming majority reported the standards as clear and desirable. In the minority of cases where problems were raised, practicability was the basis for concern. A factor analysis of the ratings given by standards monitoring teams to these 410 homes failed to demonstrate redundancy across standards or grouping of standards by objectives. Nevertheless, the standards were sufficiently highly interrelated to justify summing to produce an overall compliance score. This study shows that the 31 standards hold up well under scrutiny, both from the perspectives of key actors in the monitoring process, and from a psychometric point of view.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age stereotyping: are we oversimplifying the phenomenon?

This study investigates the use of age stereotypes in evaluating individuals' behavior in context-specific situations. One hundred university students assessed young male, young female, old male, and old female characters in four vignettes using the Rosencranz and McNevin Semantic Differential. The data revealed limited but conflicting evidence of the use of stereotypes when the stimuli portrayed target characters in lifelike situations rather than in an experimental vacuum. It is argued that while stereotyping can occur in specific contexts, its form is greatly influenced by other aspects of the situation. The need to reconceptualize the notion of stereotypes of the elderly is discussed, and a shift in emphasis toward the analysis of subgroup stereotypes as opposed to one consistent global stereotype of old age is urged.

Adult↗