Biomedical subjects

V Candas

Publications and source records attributed to V Candas.

68 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1982

Thermoregulatory adjustments to thermal transients during slow wave sleep and REM sleep in man.

The present study was performed on five nude male subjects by increasing the ambient temperature during well-established slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episodes. 1. Air temperature was raised from 25 to 41 degrees C at rates of + 0.8 degrees C.min-1 or + 1.6 degrees C min-1 and, afterwards, was maintained at 41 degrees C during 10 min before returning to the initial pre-heating condition. During these thermal transients, wall temperatures (Tw), dew-point temperature (Tdp) and air velocity (Va) were kept constant (Tw = 37.5 degrees C; Tdp = 10 degrees C; Va = 0.3 m.s.-1). Physiological data included 3 EEGs, 2 EOGs, 4 EMGs, heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, esophageal temperature and 10 local skin temperatures. Upper chest sweating rate was recorded by a 12 cm2-capsule using a dew-point hygrometer technique. 2. The results showed that during REM sleep sweat gland activity persists at a lower level than during SWS. The lower sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system described during the REM sleep episodes could be interpreted by an increase of the hypothalamic set-point temperature, or by an action of extra-hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons. However, a change at the sweat gland level cannot be ruled out.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Effect of hidromeiosis on sweat drippage during acclimation to humid heat.

Sweat rate and the rate of change in sweat drippage were studied during the acclimation of eight healthy male subject during exposure to heat during 10 consecutive days. During acclimation to hot humid conditions, the increase in total body sweat rate results in an increase in the rate of sweat drippage. We found, however, that on each day the drippage rate markedly decreased with time after the 1st h of heat exposure. This hidromeiosis was investigated as a function of the heat exposure time. No shortening of the onset time of hidromeiosis occurred with acclimation. With repeated heat exposures, the initial sweat rates in response to stress increased, and the subsequent decline became larger with higher sweat rates at the time of onset of hidromeiosis. Hidromeiosis appears to be a function of the degree of skin wettedness reached in the various local skin areas which determine the overall body skin wettedness upon which evaporative adjustments depend. Thus, the observed overshoot in total sweat rate as indicated by sweat drippage, and the subsequent hidromeiosis, result from initial oversweating in the poorly ventilated areas of skin. This sweat decline seems to be due to a reduction in output of the active sweat glands rather than to a reduction in active sweat gland number.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1979

Human skin wettedness and evaporative efficiency of sweating.

Rates of evaporation and sweating were recorded for three acclimatized male subjects in hot humid conditions, the ambient parameters of which were set so that the various imposed evaporative rates required the same skin wettedness at different levels of sweating. Rectal and skin temperatures were measured. Results showed that during steady state occurring during the 2nd h of exposure each subject reached the required evaporative rate by means of increases in skin wettedness regardless of the level of sweating; the sweat evaporative efficiency, defined as the ratio between evaporative rate and sweat rate, decreased as skin wettedness increased, in a range between 0.74 and 1.0 Sweat efficiency fell to 0.67 for fully wet skin. The body temperatures did not increase with time if skin wettedness was less than unity. Evaporative heat transfer coefficient (he), maximum evaporative capacity, and wettedness were estimated on the basis of the observed decrease of sweat efficiency. The relationship between skin wettedness and sweat efficiency was interpreted as a combined effect of differences in local he as well as in local sweat rates.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Effect of rate of change in skin temperature on local sweating rate.

To evaluate the relative contributions of positive and negative variations of mean skin temperature (+/- dTsk/dt) on thermoregulatory responses, male resting nude subjects were exposed to rapid or slow alterations in air and wall temperatures (28--45 degrees C; Pa = 20.0 mbar). Rates of heating-cooling cycles were equal to dTa/dt = +/- 3.40, 1.13, 0.57, 0.38, or 0.19 degrees C/min. Continuous measurements were made of rectal, oral, ear, and mean skin temperatures and of arm sweating (dew-point hygrometer method). During all exposures the local skin temperature was kept constant (Tsl = 39 degrees C). The results showed that peripheral inputs are a major factor in thermoregulatory processes. Cutaneous receptors produce a positive and a negative rate component within the central thermal integrator. A higher rate threshold was observed for the positive rate component than for the negative one.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Influence of air velocity and heat acclimation on human skin wettedness and sweating efficiency.

Before and after heat acclimation, four male resting subjects were exposed to humid heat that caused levels of skin wettedness ranging from 50 to 100%. The physical experimental conditions were chosen so that the same skin wettedness was attained with modification of only the ambient water vapor pressure, at two wind speeds (0.6 and 0.9 m . s-1). The esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature (Tsk), sweating rate (msw), and dripping sweat rate (mdr) were recorded; the amounts of local drippage in the same thermal conditions before and after acclimation were also determined. The relationship between the evaporative efficiency of sweating (eta sw) and the skin wettedness (w) is reported, as is the influence of the subject's acclimation to humid heat on adjustments of skin wettedness. The effects of the air velocity on the coefficient of evaporation and on sweating efficiency are discussed. Beneficial increases in evaporation were achievable by increasing skin wettedness only when there was a consistent drippage, which differed from one body area to another and from one subject to another. The relation of drift in body temperature to skin wettedness changed with the acclimation of the subjects.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1978

Sweating response in man during transient rises of air temperature.

Nude men were exposed to neutral environments (Ta = 28 degrees C, Pw = 20 mbar) changing to warm environments (Ta = 50 degrees C, Pw = 20 mbar). The transient period from neutral to warm environment lasted 4 min (dTA/DT = 5.50 degrees C/min) or 20 min (DTa/dt = 1.10 degrees C/min) or 40 min (dTa/dt = 0.55 degrees C/min) or 60 min (dTa/dt = 0.37 degrees C/min). Continuous measurements were made of rectal and mean skin temperatures and of body weigth loss. Sweating started before appreciable variation in rectal temperature. Onset of sweating could be explained by a peripheral proportional and rate control. Unsteady-state sweating can be predicted by summated stimulation of skin and rectal temperatures. This stimulation could be increased for some subjects by a multiplicative effect due to differences in local skin temperatures. This multiplicative effect occurred during the first transient period.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

[Effects of adaptation to work in heat of rectal temperature evolution during recovery].

Evolution of rectal temperature (Tre) during recovery in different air temperatures was studied following different patterns of heat load before and after adaptation to work in heat (10 consecutive days). Three subjects have been exposed, after a 30 min rest period (Ta=28degrees C, Pwa=14 mb) to 4 heat loads, each producing 1 degreeC increase in Tre in approximatively 30 min (Co:Ta= 50 degrees C, Pwa = 60 mb, W = O watt; C1; 50 degrees C, 42 mb, 50 W on bicycle ergometer; C2;39 degrees C, 38 mb, 100 W and C3: 28 degrees C, 31 mb, 150 W). After of these heat loads, subjects were allowed to recover during 2 h at Ta = 28, 22 or 16 degrees C (Pwa = 14 mb). Results show that: (a) the cooler was the Ta, the faster was the recovery time; (b) before adaptation occurs, the evolution of Tre depended on the preceding heat load pattern; (c) the more intense was the work load, the more the adaptation reduced time for subsequent recovery. The interaction obtained between adaptation and intensity of preceding work load is discussed. The evolutions of leg skin temperatures suggest that a decreased local heat conductance (of inferior limbs) is associated with a local increase in external heat exchange. Adaptation to work in heat would take the form of a local re-adjustment of internal and external heat exchanges.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1976

[Influence of hydrothermal ambient conditions on sweat evaporation efficiency].

Sweat efficiency is defined as the ratio between evaporative and sweat rates. The work was carried out on two resting subjects acclimatised to humid heat. Body sweat rate and rate of sweat loss by dripping were recorded separately by continuous weighing. Evaporation from the skin was obtained by the difference between the two weight loss curves. The subjects were exposed for 75 minutes to increases in humidity levels as constant air temperatures (42, 44, 46, or 48 degrees C). The amplitude of the increases was successively equal to 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 or 50.0 mb of water vapor pressure. During the 75 minutes preceding each increase the water vapor pressure of the air was maintained at 20.0 mb. 1. Sweat efficiency decreases prior to complete wetting of the skin surface. The inter-individual mean value of the wetted skin area threshold over which sweat efficiency is less than 1 is around 60%. 2. Sweat efficiency is linearly related to the reciprocal of the required wetted skin area (see article). These results are compared with those of other authors. The differences observed are explained in terms of physiological or physical variables involved in the sweat rate control or in the evaporative sweat loss. These include wetness of skin, posture, activity of subjects and the velocity of air over the skin surface.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[Experimental determination of coefficient of evaporative heat loss in still air (author's transl)].

The authors have determined the coefficient of evaporative heat loss of the human body (he) by means of humidity steps in low air movement (Va less than or equal to 0,2 m/s). Such a determination requires a fully wetted skin and this implies therefore some loss of dripping sweat. The collection of this dripping sweat allows the determination of the total evaporation: this evaporation exists on the skin surface and around the drops during their fall from the skin to the oil pan where dripping sweat is collected. An estimation of this dripping sweat evaporation allows to assess the skin evaporation and, consequently, the evaporative coefficient he. In these experimental conditions: E = S - SNE - 0,0005 SNE (PsH2O - PaH2O) where E is the skin evaporative rate (g/h);S = total sweat rate (g/h);SNE = the nonevaporative sweat rate (g/h);PaH2O = the partial pressure of saturated water (at Ts) on skin (mb) and PaH2O the partial pressure of water vapor in ambient air (mb). The coefficient of evaporative heat loss in low air movement thus found, is 5,18 +/- 0,22 W/m2-mb.

Adult↗

PubMed1973