Sex discrimination: nursing's most pervasive problem.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to V Cleland.
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Nurses have long been aware of the devastating effects of urinary incontinence on women. Although women may find diapers, pads and protective clothing valuable protection, there are few options for a continuous wear, external urine incontinence device (EUID). Inventors have attempted to develop an EUID since ancient times; the first United States patent for an EUID was awarded in 1949. The purpose of this paper is to review technological considerations for development of an external urinary incontinence device for women. Patents and products illustrate the considerations.
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Seven summary factors were obtained from a principal components factor analysis and Varimax rotation of 21 variables, based on 145 pieces of information given by 1,998 nurses in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, in 1973. Study nurses were under 60 years of age, were married and living with spouse, and had at least one child 18 or younger. The factors were: career desirability, professional attitude, professional behavior, achievement personality, conducive home situation, economic value of work, and satisfaction with nursing. When these factors were compared with employment status-1) current employment activity of all subjects, 2) subjects whose employment status was constant for five years, highest scores were registered in both categories on career desirability, professional behavior, and economic value of work. Both groups of nurses scored lowest on satisfaction with nursing, with the five-year employees scoring lower. When the seven factors were correlated with employment status while controlling financial need and age of youngest child at home, highest correlation scores resulted for professional behavior, career desirability, and, in the case of those with financial need, on the economic value of nursing.
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