But is it really ART? Economic, legal, and ethical implications of infertility technology.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to V F Maher.
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Law and legislation are changing to reflect the growing needs of the long-term care constituency, Governmental protections include mandates for increased access for physically challenged people, changes in estate and trust laws, modification of Social Security benefits and categories of disability, increased research funding, and even changes in criteria to determine the point of death.
Health care costs in the United States are placing businesses in a competitive disadvantage in the international market. Health Care is now the third highest cost category in US corporations after salaries and raw materials. Alternative Health Care delivery systems in the form of managed care have become popular mechanism to promote cost control. A critical element in most managed care programs is a limitation of freedom of choice of provider. As a result, physicians are being deliberately excluded from some managed care plans. Legislation called "Any Willing Provider Statutes" is being enacted in many areas to prohibit such actions. The authors outline the advantages and disadvantages of such legislation and discuss the economic implications for hospitals and the private practice of medicine. They also examine the impact "any willing provider" legislation will have on patient care and detail how this legislation involves who is going to control the practice of medicine in the years ahead. An examination of the American model should assist others involved with health care planning and regulating medical practice.
People don't like change. That includes materiel managers, administrators, and clinical providers. Managed competition or managed care will work if, and only if, the American professions and the American public recognize the value of highly educated and qualified clinical and nonclinical providers and if the health care industry responds in kind.
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Steadily and surely, commonly accepted notions of individual rights and the place of the individual in society are subject to increasing scrutiny. This article critically analyses legal and economic parameters which directly affect both personal autonomy and the role of government, interpreted through its higher level state and federal judiciary, on the public.
The Single European Act of July 1987, coupled with various other regional and national laws, the purposes of which open borders to the free movement of peoples, goods and services, is soon to be put into operation. Although awaited with much eagerness and expectation, there is also a need for strategic planning in order adequately to address new and possibly ominous legal and medical practice problems. In the United States, a National Practitioner Data Bank, which went into full operation in September 1990 was created to monitor physicians, nurses and other health care providers involved in negligence actions which result in the payment of moneys by settlement or by verdict, and to prevent those whose licences have been suspended, revoked or restricted in any fashion in one state from practising in another based upon reciprocity licensure or board certification criteria. In order to protect patients from abuse by uncredentialled individuals or dangerous clinicians, and further to protect institutions from liability incurred by inadequate credentials checks or through ostensible liability, the creation of a practitioner data bank utilizing modern data gathering, storage and retrieval methods is proposed for the European Community. It should be created under the auspices of the United Nations--possibly through the World Health Organization which already accredits medical education and training programmes--and should be charged with creating uniform standards of professional practice; certifying professionals; and serving as a credentials' clearing house for the health care industry.
Individuals as members of societies are subject to externally imposed norms of behavior (laws). When societal control and regulation adversely impact upon individual autonomy, conflict is frequently the end product. Such issues surround the rights of privacy vis-a-vis the abortion issue. The Supreme Court addressed this issue in the 1988-1989 term. This article critically examines the court's decision and raises questions of individual and professional import.
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