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Biomedical subjects

V Markovska

Publications and source records attributed to V Markovska.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Nutrition, nutritional behavior, and obesity.

THE PURPOSE: Of this investigation is to explore the effect of several alimentary factors--such as diet, nutritional habits, and personal preferences--upon the occurrence of obesity. SUBJECTS: Of the study were 264 workers (203 men and 61 women) from the ammonium production department of a fertilizer plant, divided into two age groups: under 30 years and over 30 years. METHODS: The data are collected by means of a questionnaire about daily nutrition, including the types and average quantity of food (Food Frequency Questionnaires--FFQ). All collected information is analyzed by means of a computer program with a database that includes the chemical structure of food products and takes into account the losses in their nutritional value that occurs in the course of preservation and thermal processing. The nutritional status is assessed on the basis of a Body Mass Index (BMI): group I--normal body mass--BMI 18.5-25 kg/m2; group II--overweight--BMI 25.1-30 kg/m2; group III--obesity--BMI > 30 kg/m2. RESULTS: The assessment of the individual energy intake shows that hyper-energetic nutrition is typical for 67% of the individuals examined. There is no significant age and/or gender difference. This is the result of extra-intake of fat (over 30 E%), which is observed for 87.9% of all workers, and over 40 E% for almost half of the women examined. All age and gender groups display hyper-protein nutrition with pronounced cellulose (fiber) deficit, high daily intake of sodium, and disbalance of mineral salts as well as a relative deficit of vitamin A, B1, and PP. The frequency of overweight individuals is 43.9%, while that of obese individuals is 23.1%. The majority of workers (70.1% of group I, 63.2% of group II, and 79% of group III) have three meals a day. For 43% of group III individuals dinner is the largest meal. A significantly higher percentage of group III individuals (21.3%) think that they overeat. CONCLUSIONS: Hyper-energetic, disbalanced nutrition, and incorrect nutritional-behavioral model are factors that determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the workers examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Memory effects of standardized extracts of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biloba (GK 501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701).

In experiments on young (aged 3 months) and old (aged 26 months) rats, using some conditioned-reflex methods with punishment or positive reinforcement for active and passive avoidance (shuttle-box, step-down, step-through, and water maze), we studied the effects of the standardized extracts of Panax ginseng (G115), Ginkgo biloba (GK501) and their combination Gincosan (PHL-00701). The extracts were administered orally for 7 days before training at three increasing doses: 17, 50, and 150 mg/kg for G115; 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg for GK501; and 27, 80, and 240 mg/kg for PHL-00701. The two extracts and their combination improved the retention of learned behavior. This effect varied considerably with the extracts, with the dose and with the behavioral method used. The results suggest that the Panax ginseng G115 and the Ginkgo biloba GK501 extracts possess properties similar in every respect to those of nootropic drugs. The favorable effects on learning and memory of the combination of G115 plus GK501 and the other pharmacological activities inherent in the extracts characterize this combination, offered as Gincosan as a particularly promising drug in geriatric practice.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

[The nutritional characteristics and the eating regimen of students].

A study is performed on the state of the daily nutrition of 82 students (40 men and 42 women). There are considerable deviations from the requirements for rational nutrition in both groups. The input of energy in men (2748 kcal) (11.5 MJ) responds to the physiological norm, while in women it is insufficient (1907 kcal) (7.97 MJ). The balance of the basic nutritive substances is disturbed. The relative part of the energy of proteins is an average 12.8%, of fats--43.5% and of carbohydrates--43.8%. The ratio calcium-phosphorus is 1:1.8 in men and 1:1.7 in women. The deficit of vitamins from group B and especially from group C is significant. The index for consistency of nourishing nutrients used by the authors gives possibility for evaluating the qualitative side of nutrition on different energy levels. It is of special importance in the low energy regimen of nutrition. Recommendation is given for further investigations of nutrition and the health status of students in the specific conditions in our country at present.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Significance of the cerebral dopaminergic neurotransmission for the individual differences in learning and memory (experiments on rats).

Using the step-down method for passive avoidance with punishment electroshock reinforcement, the experimental rats were divided according to their individual differences in the capacity for learning and retention into two groups: good learners (GL) and poor learners (PL). Stereotypy and catalepsy methods were used in order to clarify the role of the central dopaminergic (DA-ergic) transmitter mechanisms for the individual differences. Stereotypic motor behaviour was induced by applying the following DA-ergic agonists: apomorphine (2 mg/kg. i.p.), amphetamine (6 mg/kg, s.c.) and elymoklavine (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The stereotypic behaviour was recorded on a 5-point scale. A set of catalepsy tests was used to determine the cataleptic effect of the DA-ergic antagonist haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Our experimental results showed that the intensity and duration of the stereotypy caused by the three agents were significantly increased in GL compared with PL. Catalepsy in the PL group appeared later than in the GL group, and its total duration was shorter. The data obtained suggest that in the GL group there is a marked tendency towards a higher level of sensitivity of the brain dopamine receptors, compared with the PL group.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Study of the participation of the dopaminergic transmission system in the effects of two newly synthesized barbiturates.

The effects of two newly synthesized barbiturates--HB-7 (2-hydroxylamino-5-ethyl-5-sec. pentylbarbituric acid) and HB-2 (2-hydroxylamino-5-ethyl-5-propylbarbituric acid--on models of apomorphine stereotypy and haloperidol catalepsy were investigated in experiments on male rats and mice. The test drugs used were phenobarbital (PB)--in stereotypy and catalepsy, and diphenylhydantoin (DPH)--in catalepsy. HB-7 changes the stereotypy considerably: it developed faster and disappeared faster than in the control group. Phenobarbital had a weaker effect on the intensity and duration of the stereotypy. Catalepsy was induced with haloperidol in doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg. HB-7 and HB-2 weakened haloperidol catalepsy, compared with PB and DPH. The faster occurrence of apomorphine stereotypy and the weakening of the haloperidol-induced catalepsy under the effect of the two hydroxyl-amine derivatives of barbituric acid suggest an effect on the cerebral dopaminergic transmission. This effect may be mediated through the effect of HB-7 on DA-ergic transmission or through the GABA-ergic transmission in the brain structures responsible for these behavioural reactions.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effect of meclofenoxate on pentylenetetrazol kindling in albino rats.

The effects of a single and 5-day treatment of male albino rats with meclofenoxate in a dose of 100 mg/kg on the clonic-tonic convulsions during the kindling phenomenon, induced by multiple injection of a subconvulsive dose (40 mg/kg) pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) were tested. Its effects on convulsions, induced by a single convulsive dose of 100 mg/kg, were investigated for the sake of comparison. Meclofenoxate, introduced in a single dose of 100 mg/kg, lowered the intensity of the convulsions in PTZ-kindled rats. Meclofenoxate treatment for 5 days had an even more pronounced inhibitory effect on PTZ kindling. As regards the convulsions induced by a single injection of a convulsive PTZ dose, meclofenoxate only tends to decrease the percentage of rats with tonic convulsion and the lethality. On the basis of the results of earlier studies, the role of the serotoninergic neurotransmitter system for the observed inhibitory effect of meclofenoxate on PTZ kindling in albino rats is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Some central effects of angiotensin II. Interactions with dopaminergic transmission.

The effects of angiotensin II (AT II) administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on some behavioural reactions were studied. AT II increased the electroshock convulsive-seizure threshold in mice. Sulpiride antagonized this effect of AT II. AT II increased the exploratory behaviour of rats in open field. This effect was potentiated by nomifensine (a dopamine uptake blocker) and was blocked by haloperidol. AT II increased apomorphine stereotypy and the effect was antagonized by saralasin and haloperidol and partly by alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) (an inhibitor of dopamine synthesis). AT II decreased the locomotor activity of mice. At doses of 0.5 and 1 microgram per mouse AT II did not change haloperidol (5 mg/kg)- or tetrabenazine (25 mg/kg)-induced catalepsy. It is assumed that the behavioural effects of AT II are realized through angiotensin receptors and through interactions between these receptors and dopaminergic transmission in the brain structures involved in the behavioural reactions studied.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1985

Dopaminergic influence on the effects of angiotensin II in behavioural reactions.

Using a neuropharmacological approach we studied the dopaminergic influence on the effects of angiotensin II (ATII) in some behavioural reactions. Haloperidol reduced the exploratory behaviour-increasing effect of ATII in the open field. Haloperidol also reduced the apomorphine stereotypy-increasing effect of ATII. Sulpiride tended to overcome the locomotor activity-decreasing effect of ATII. Seven resp. 21 days after withdrawal of pimozide (applied for 14 days) the convulsive-seizure thresholdincreasing effect of ATII was enhanced. Haloperidol impaired the retention-facilitating effect of ATII in rats performing a shuttle-box active avoidance task. The results suggest close interactions between central DA-ergic transmission and ATII in the realization of the ATII effects on behaviour.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1984

Participation of serotoninergic, GABA-ergic and opiate mechanisms in the genesis of amphetamine stereotypy.

In experiments on rats it has been observed that the intensity of amphetamine-induced (6 mg/kg s.c.) stereotypy is reduced by the blockers of the serotonin (5-HT), GABA- and opiate receptors, respectively danitracene (3 mg/kg i.p.), picrotoxin (2 mg/kg i.p.) and naloxone (10 mg/kg s.c.). Applied 24 hours after the serotonin depletor para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA--300 mg/kg i.p.), amphetamine induced more pronounced but earlier disappearing stereotypy. Also more intensive but longer was the stereotypy induced by apomorphine (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) applied after PCPA. The stimulator of the serotonin receptors quipazine (10 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated amphetamine stereotypy and eliminated haloperidol catalepsy (1 mg/kg i.p.). The blocker of the cholinergic receptors atropine (30 mg/kg i.p.) increased and prolonged amphetamine stereotypy. In the interpretation of the results obtained an attempt is made to substantiate the thesis that dopamine (DA) released under the effect of amphetamine by the nigrostriatal terminals, acts at least partially not as inhibitory, as it is usually accepted, but as excitatory transmitter. It is considered that the results obtained show that DA released from the nigrostriatal pathway exercises its typical inhibitory influence on the striatum, by stimulating 5-HT, GABA and opiate neurons situated in nucleus caudatus. The ostensibly contradictory results from the experiments with PCPA to the proposed hypothesis are explained with the development of sensitization of the 5-HT receptors.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1984

On some central effects of elymoclavine.

The pharmacological investigation of the ergot alkaloid of the group of clavines elymoclavine isolated from Claviceps sp. cp. II showed the following: LD50 for mice for 24 hours was 350 (228 divided by 535) mg/kg and for rats--145 (81 divided by 258) mg/kg; elymoclavine induced a dose-dependent stereotypy in rats and mice which was antagonized by haloperidol and pimozide; it prevented the development of haloperidol catalepsy in rats and produced rotations contralateral to the striatal lesions with 6-OHDA which were antagonized by pimozide and partly by cyproheptadine. Elymoclavine increased the exploratory activity of rats in open field as this effect was antagonized by haloperidol and was essentially influenced by many substances acting on different transmitter systems (NA, DA, GABA). Elymoclavine inhibited the picroroxin and electroshock convulsive seizures but potentiated the pentylenetetrazol ones in mice as these effects were differently influenced by pimozide, haloperidol, 5-HT, atropine and phentolamine. The observed effects of elymoclavine are mainly due to its DAergic agonistic action. It seems, however, that influences on other transmitter receptors also underlie the mechanism of action of this ergot alkaloid.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of the tripeptides TRH, MIF and MAF on the cerebral dopaminergic system.

Some central effects of the tripeptides TRH (thyroliberine), MIF (melanostatine or C-terminal fragment of oxytocine) and MAF (C-terminal fragment of gastrine) have been studied in experiments on mice and rats. Upon intraperitoneal administration in mice, TRH and MIF exercise central stimulating effects: they reverse the reserpine-induced decrease in the rectal temperature, ptosis of the eyelids, hypomotility, decreased content of the cerebral homovanillic acid (HVA); they antagonize haloperidol catalepsy and the increased HVA concentration). The tripeptides potentiate apomorphine stereotypy in rats, when injected in the striatum. The results obtained characterize TRH and MIF as drugs which are capable of activating the cerebral dopaminergic receptors by antagonizing the effects of reserpine and haloperidol, MAF--as a substance acting similar to the dopaminergic receptor blockers. Consequently, the cerebral dopaminergic system is an important unit for the realization of the central effects of these low-molecular peptides.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Interrelations between dopaminergic and GABA-ergic transmitter mechanisms in apomorphine stereotypy.

The effects of dopamine (DA)-ergic and GABA-ergic pharmacological agents on apomorphine stereotypy upon intraperitoneal administration in male albino rats has been studied. It has been found that: the DA-ergic agonist L-DOPA increases the intensity of apomorphine stereotypy, without influencing its total duration. The DA-ergic antagonist haloperidol inhibits significantly apomorphine stereotypy, with marked dose-effect dependence, shortening its duration. The GABA-ergic antagonist picrotoxin potentiates nearly twice apomorphine stereotypy and increases its duration. The GABA-ergic agonists depakine and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) inhibit substantially apomorphine stereotypy and shorten its duration. Participation of DA-ergic and GABA-ergic transmitter mechanisms in apomorphine stereotypy as well as interactions of these two transmitter systems in the nigrostriatum, are assumed.

Aminooxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1979

Influence of x-ray irradiation on the effects of apomorphine and L-dopa with respect to the dopamine level in rat brain and corpus striatum.

The influence of X-ray irradiation on the dopamine level in brain and in corpus striatum of male albino rats is studied. The changes in the influence of the dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and L-DOPA, applied independently and in combination, on the dopamine level in brain and striatum, are established comparatively (in non-irradiated rats and in rats on the 72nd hour after irradiation with 900 R). Apomorphine is found to have no significant influence on the dopamine level in brain and striatum of non-irradiated rats, while L-DOPA and its combination with apomorphine raise this level. On the 72nd hour after irradiation with 900 R there is no essential change in the dopamine level in brain and the striatum; apomorphine raises the dopamine level in brain and striatum; the effect of L-DOPA and its combination with apomorphine is potentiated with respect to the increase of the dopamine level in brain and striatum.

Animals↗