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Biomedical subjects

V Millet

Publications and source records attributed to V Millet.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

The viable but non-culturable state of wine micro-organisms during storage.

Colony counting and DEFT did not give the same results when wine micro-organisms were enumerated. Both methods were used to monitor the population of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during wine storage. Results suggest that part of the populations had reached a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. These cells were unable to produce colonies but could hydrolyse fluorescent esters and could be counted by DEFT. For AAB, O2 deprivation quickly induced this state. Recovery from this state was very rapid as soon as O2 was available. The response was not so clear for LAB during wine storage. However, a similar state was induced by sulfiting. Moreover, filtration of wine stored in barrels and contaminated by Brettanomyces, AAB and LAB demonstrated that cell size was not homogeneous. Cells which remained in wine after several weeks could pass through a 0.45-microm membrane. However, when they re-entered a growing phase, they were again retained by membrane filtration. During and after the decline phase, wine micro-organisms might survive as smaller cells in a VBNC state.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1999

[Ontogeny of the immune system].

The newborn immune system differs quantitatively and functionally from adults. At birth, the immune system is partially immature, resulting in deficiency in cell-mediated cytolysis, immunoglobulin synthesis and cytokine production. The most clearly defined deficit in neonatal phagocytosis defenses is diminished neutrophil storage. T cell function is diminished, including T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and T cell help for B cell differentiation. Selective decreases in cytokine production by T cells may contribute to all of these deficits. One of the fundamental differences between adults and newborns for T cell functions resides in whether or not the patient had prior exposure to antigens. Significant immune responses to antigens can be obtained in the neonatal period. These responses are qualitatively different from those induced in adults with a predominance of TH2 pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Respiratory allergy in children and passive smoking].

Environmental tobacco smoke interacts with the respiratory mucosa by irritation and/or inflammation. Environmental tobacco smoke seems also modulate humoral and cellular immune activity. Thus, environmental tobacco smoke, in all children, increases the risk of superior and inferior airway infections, modifies the growth and the natural evolution of the respiratory function, increases the occurrence of asthma and exacerbates the symptoms of asthma, and creates or exacerbates a bronchial hyperresponsiveness. In atopic children (defined by the presence of at least one positive allergy skin test), environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of respiratory allergy and exacerbates the symptoms of respiratory allergy. Parental environmental tobacco smoke is a universal toxic which must be avoided in both allergic and non-allergic children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Dimensional assessment of onset of action of antidepressants: a comparative study of moclobemide vs. clomipramine in depressed patients with blunted affect and psychomotor retardation.

The onset of action (during the first 2 weeks of treatment) of moclobemide (450 mg/day), a reversible MAO-A inhibitor, was compared in a double-blind, multi-center trial with clomipramine (150 mg/day) on dimensional and global depressive symptoms in 124 hospitalized patients suffering from a major depressive episode according to DSM-III-R criteria and with blunted affect and retardation. An earlier efficacy was found for moclobemide with significant treatment differences in favor of moclobemide, which were detected on negative symptoms (anhedonia, blunted affect and retardation) on days 7 and 10. The overall effect on depression at the end of the 4-week trial period was similar in both groups. However, a higher termination rate due to lack of efficacy was found with moclobemide (10 vs. 3). The tolerability was significantly better for moclobemide, as shown by the lower frequency of adverse events.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of bromazepam versus placebo on inhibition and waiting capacity in young women with traits of anxiety.

The effect of 3 dosages of bromazepam administered as single oral doses (1.5, 3 and 6 mg) on anxious inhibition phenomena was studied in a population of 16 young women (18-30 years) with anxiety-traits, selected on the criteria of Cattell's anxiety scale supported by two personality inventory (Eysenck's, MMPI). A double-blind, placebo study design was chosen. The main assessment criteria were based on the go/no-go test (Logan's procedure), slow response rate (SRR) and a task of forced or unforced decision (use of the CFF). Attentional processes and declarative memory were analyzed as secondary criteria. None of the three dosages modified inhibition or acting-out. Sustained attention was reduced with 1.5 mg and 6 mg, as was memory performance with 3 and 6 mg, 3.5 h after drug administration. In contradistinction with studies carried out in healthy volunteers or with other benzodiazepine compounds, bromazepam at single low dosages does not modify inhibition capacity in these subjects with traits of anxiety, in this particular procedure.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Predictive significance of magnetic resonance imaging at 4 months of adjusted age in infants after a perinatal neurologic insult.

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the predictive significance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at 4 months of corrected age in 60 neonates after a perinatal neurologic insult. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 5 years of chronological age. MRI examination was normal in 10; isolated external hydrocephalus was found in 15 infants. Twenty-three of these infants developed normally. Focal or multifocal lesions were shown in 6 infants, of whom 2 developed normally. Diffuse brain involvement was present in 29 cases as atrophy (n = 18), leukomalacia (n = 5), basal ganglia lesions (n = 3), and delayed myelination (n = 3). All but 4 infants showed neurologic impairment. MRI performed at 4 months of adjusted age is of prognostic significance in neonates who suffer a moderate or mild neurologic insult.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed1997

Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome and defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

The Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) comprises short stature, congenital bowing of the long bones, respiratory distress, and recurrent episodes of unexplained hyperthermia. The skeletal radiographic changes include short and broad long bones, large metaphyses, internal cortical thickening, and angulation primarily of tibiae and femora, but also of humeri and forearm bones. We report 3 cases of SWS from 2 different unrelated consanguineous gypsy families. All 3 cases fulfilled the clinical and radiological criteria of SWS. Two patients died shortly after birth, whereas the third one was alive at the age of one year. Besides hyperthermic episodes, one patient had hyperaminoaciduria, hepatic failure, and megaloblastic anemia which prompted us to investigate mitochondrial respiratory chain in 2 cases. Abnormal results consisting of decreased activities of complex I and IV were found in both. The simultaneous occurrence of both SWS phenotype and abnormal mitochondrial metabolism in two unrelated cases strongly supports the hypothesis of a pathogenetic relationship between the two events. These cases may also be related to recent reports on the effects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain defects on embryogenesis.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

[Early continuous positive pressure in the labor room].

BACKGROUND: Indication for intubation and mechanical ventilation in premature infants may be reduced by initiating continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in delivery room. POPULATION AND METHODS: Immediately after birth, respiratory support with CPAP was given to all infants with gestational age less than 32 weeks. In case of apnea or progressing symptoms with hypoxemia or carbonic acidosis, with PCO2 increasing to more than 60 mmHg, infants were treated with nasotracheal intubation and ventilation. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty one infants, with mean gestational age 29.6 +/- 1.9 weeks and mean birth weight 1,326 +/- 378 g were delivered in the obstetrical department of Marseille. In delivery room, 63% were treated with CPAP, and only 13% with nasotracheal intubation. The need for subsequent mechanical ventilation was reduced to 40% of the population. Surfactant therapy was used in 17% of this cohort. Two infants were given surfactant and extubated. Three of 14 deaths (9.2%) were caused by respiratory disease. CONCLUSIONS: Early CPAP reduces the indication of mechanical ventilation in premature infants. Incidence of pulmonary complications such as pneumothorax or bronchopulmonary dysplasia is low among those infants who require mechanical ventilation later. Early CPAP takes place in a general policy to decrease neonatal morbidity.

Delivery Rooms↗
PubMed1997

[Diagnostic value of granulocyte elastase determination in cord blood of newborn infants at risk for maternofetal infection].

BACKGROUND: Polymorphonuclear elastase is an early and sensitive indicator of neonatal infection when performed at the beginning of clinical symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To investigate the diagnostic value of elastase measurement in cord blood immediately after birth, 211 neonates (103 boys vs 108 girls, 154 vaginal delivery vs 57 cesarean section). Mean gestational age 38.9 weeks (range: 30-42), mean birth weight 3,260 g (range: 1,430-4,920 g). After clinical, bacterial and biological screening, the infants were classified in three groups. Group A (n = 118): none infectious risk factor neither clinical signs of infection; group B (n = 79): one or more risk factors but no evidence of infection; group C (n = 14): proved or probable infection. Polymorphonuclear elastase was measured in cord blood of all infants using an heterogeneous enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: We observed higher elastase values in group C (176 +/- 67 micrograms/L) than in group A (91 +/- 64 micrograms/L) and B (67 +/- 61 micrograms/L) (mean +/- SD, P = 0.0001). With a cutoff value fixed at 80 micrograms/L, the sensitivity of this test applicated to neonates presenting materno-fetal infectious risk factor(s) was 85% (12/14), specificity 74% (59/79), positive predictive value 37%, and negative predictive value 96%. CONCLUSION: Because two of the 14 infected infants (15%) were not detected by elastase dosage in cord blood, this test cannot be used as an early indicator of materno-fetal infection.

Female↗
PubMed1996

[Value of toxicological research in newborn infants of addicted mothers by the study of several samples (urine, meconium, hair)].

BACKGROUND: Urinary detection of prenatal drug exposure in the neonate may give false-negative results. We report our experience on meconium and hair testing, in addition to urine testing in order to improve diagnosis of fetal drug exposure. POPULATION AND METHODS: Thirty-one infants (aged 1-45 days) whose mothers were confirmed (n = 12) or suspected (n = 19) to be drug-addicted were included in the study. One or more specimens of urine, meconium or hair were collected in the 31 infants, two of the specimens in 17 and three in six. Drugs and their metabolites were detected by immunoenzymologic techniques and positive results were confirmed by gas-exchange chromatography. All the mothers and families were interviewed during admission and the information was compared to those provided by medical and social services; the results of laboratory analysis were not known by the investigators at this time of the study. RESULTS: The maternal drug addiction was confirmed after clinical investigation in 18 cases including the 12 cases detected by prenatal interview (group 1), and recused in 13 other cases (group 2). In group 1, nine infants of 12 had a positive urine test (seven opiate, one cocaine, one cannabis), 11 of 11 a positive meconium test (nine opiate, one cocaine, one cannabis), ten of 19 a positive hair test (eight opiate, one cocaine, one cannabis); all infants in this group had at least one positive result. In group 2, all tests were negative except one urine test positive for opiate after cesarean delivery performed under anesthesia including opiate analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Urine, meconium and hair testing versus urine testing alone increase the sensitivity of laboratory analysis for detection of prenatal drug exposure.

Cannabis↗
PubMed1995

A reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor (moclobemide) facilitates smoking cessation and abstinence in heavy, dependent smokers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of moclobemide on smoking cessation and abstinence in heavy, dependent smokers. There is a strong association between smoking and depression, especially in dependent smokers. It was hypothesized that smoking is a self-medication to treat depression. Cigarette smoke has monoamine oxidase (MAO)-inhibitory properties, and smokers have lower MAO activity than non-smokers. METHODS: We used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study. Placebo or moclobemide, 400 mg/day for 2 months and 200 mg/day during the third month, was given. Main outcome measures were self-reported and biochemically verified (plasma cotinine levels, < 20 ng/ml) abstinence rate. Secondary outcome measures were withdrawal symptoms, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton anxiety rating scores, platelet MAO-B activity, and plasma dihydroxyphenylglycol as a measure of MAO-A activity. RESULTS: Eighty-eight smokers were randomized to receive moclobemide (n = 44) or placebo (n = 44). The continuous self-reported abstinence rate was higher with moclobemide than with placebo (intention-to-treat analysis until the end point, 6 months: p < 0.05; until the end of follow-up, 1 year: p = 0.09). The abstinence rate according to plasma cotinine levels showed a trend to effectiveness of moclobemide (end point: p = 0.13; follow-up: p = 0.12). Platelet MAO-B activity increased after smoking cessation but without a significant difference. Plasma dihydroxyphenylglycol levels did not change in the placebo group but decreased dose dependently in the moclobemide group. No difference occurred for withdrawal symptoms, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and Hamilton anxiety scores. Cessation of moclobemide had no adverse effect. More subjects reported insomnia with moclobemide (n = 16) than with placebo (n = 3). CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, the reversible, selective MAO inhibitor moclobemide facilitated smoking cessation in highly dependent smokers. Further studies with substantially more smokers are needed to evaluate the role of MAO inhibitors in smoking cessation and abstinence in smokers with high nicotine dependence.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Influence of photoisomers in bilirubin determinations on Kodak Ektachem and Hitachi analysers in neonatal specimens study of the contribution of structural and configurational isomers.

We compared data obtained with the Kodak Ektachem and Hitachi 717 Analysers and HPLC from 83 neonates under phototherapy. Total bilirubin values determined with the Kodak and Hitachi are in good agreement, but we observed a large discrepancy in the results for conjugated (Kodak) and direct (Hitachi) bilirubin. HPLC revealed that all the samples contained configurational isomers, while only 7.7% and 30.8% contained conjugated bilirubin and structural isomers, respectively. We developed a device for the specific and quantitative production of configurational or structural isomers, by irradiation with blue or green light. In vitro, total bilirubin values are coherent for the routine analysers in the presence of configurational or structural isomers. With configurational isomers, unconjugated bilirubin (Kodak) is lower than total bilirubin (Kodak), and conjugated bilirubin (Kodak) is always equal to zero, so the apparatus gives a false positive response for delta bilirubin. In contrast, the direct bilirubin (Hitachi) is constant. Furthermore, in the presence of structural isomers, unconjugated bilirubin (Kodak) is unexpectedly higher than total bilirubin (Kodak), conjugated bilirubin (Kodak) is proportional to the quantity of these isomers, and direct bilirubin (Hitachi) is constant. The contribution of photoisomers in bilirubin measurements is discussed.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1995

[Validation trial of a neonatal prophylactic antibiotic protocol in the delivery room].

Maternofetal infection occurs in 1 to 10 of every 1,000 newborns. Prognosis is poor and an extremely rapid the clinical course is sometimes observed. The situation suggests that widespread use of antibiotics and more than 90% of the newborns receiving antibiotics are not infected. A prospective study based on simple, recognized criteria predictive of maternal-fetal infection was conducted in 3,392 deliveries to evaluate the effect of an antibiotic prophylaxy protocol. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value were evaluated for each of the eleven criteria retained with the goal of increasing sensitivity and decrease the use of unnecessary antibiotics. Among the 3,392 infants delivered from January 1989 to December 1990, 286 (8.4%) newborns entered the study and were given mezlocillin (150 mg/kg/12 h). This treatment was stopped at 48 hours of life if the infant was not infected. RESULTS. Infection was confirmed in 48 of 3,392 infants (1.4%). All were in the risk group: 48/286 (16.7%). The germs the most often found were group B Streptococcus (n = 16), Escherichia coli (n = 8) and Listeria monocytogenes (n = 3). Nine criteria were well correlated with maternal-fetal infection. The two most important criteria were maternal pyrexia above 39 degrees C and Apgar score below 7 to 5 min (poor neonatal adaptation), with a 99% and 90% and a positive predictive value of 80% and 37% respectively. Inversely, Two criteria were poorly correlated with maternal-fetal infection: labour duration above 12 hours and instrumental extraction (positive predictive value from 10% to 17%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1993

Susceptibilities to rimantadine of influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses isolated during the epidemics of 1988 to 1989 and 1989 to 1990.

Clinical isolates of influenza A viruses identified during outbreaks in two winters were tested for their rimantadine susceptibilities by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay modified from that described previously by Belshe et al. (R. B. Belshe, B. Burk, F. Newman, R. L. Cerruti, and I. S. Sim, J. Virol. 62:1508-1512, 1988). The infectivity titer and the 50% inhibitory concentration of rimantadine were calculated for each virus. Of 105 influenza virus A isolates tested, 28 influenza A/H1N1 isolates from the 1988 and 1989 outbreak and 77 influenza A/H3N2 isolates from the outbreak in following year, were susceptible to the antiviral action of rimantadine.

Animals↗