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Biomedical subjects

V S Paukov

Publications and source records attributed to V S Paukov.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

[Changes in the contractile myocardium in chronic ischemic heart disease].

Myocardial biopsies from 16 patients who underwent the operation of aorto-coronary shunt in connection with coronary arteries stenosis are examined. It is shown that in the myocardium of these patients, along with the compensatory-adaptive processes (firstly myocardial hyperthrophy resulting from intracellular structures hyperplasia) morphological signs of the exhaustion of plastic and regenerative capacities of the heart are pronounced. The following morphological features apparently characterizing the development of myocardial hyperthrophy as a result of long-lasting and progressive disease are observed: (1) formation of multicomponental muscular fibers consisting of a group of cardiomyocytes (CMC) connected by intercalated discs localised between their lateral surfaces and remaining hypertrophied even when atrophy of some CMC occurs; (2) longitudinal and thansversal myofibril dissociation. The results obtained allow the authors to understand to some extent the clinical course of chronic ischemic heart disease in this category of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Morphology, pathogenesis and classification of interstitial lung diseases].

The current literature data and the authors' material on the interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are presented. The authors' material includes the results of morphological (light and electron microscopy) examination of 36 intrabronchial biopsies in ILD patients, 2 open biopsies, 6 autopsy cases and lungs of laboratory animals with various forms of the bronchoalveolar sclerosis and interstitial pneumonia. ILD is shown to be a chronic inflammatory lung condition with a cooperation between the immunocompetent and inflammatory cells in the alveolar septa and fibrosis of the alveolar walls. The disturbance of the immune homeostasis, particularly that of cell immunity, plays a role in the ILD pathogenesis. Complex intercellular relationships, in which the mediators of cell-to-cell interaction are of importance, are being established in the alveolar interstitium. This makes ILD morphology resembling that of the immune inflammation in other organs. So-called "neutrophilic alveolitis" induced by the immune complexes is of great importance in the pathogenesis of certain diffuse ILD forms, for example, the cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. The "neutrophilic alveolitis" is characterized by the presence of few neutrophils among the mononuclear cells infiltrating the alveolar septa. The alterations of the arteries, veins and capillaries in ILD may be subdivided into haemodynamic and inflammatory. ILD can be reproduced experimentally by either intravenous or intratracheal administration of antigen.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1984

[Action of low-frequency ultrasound on the peritoneum, peritoneal exudate cells and the course of experimental peritonitis].

The authors studied the action of low-frequency ultrasound on rat and guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells during aseptic peritonitis, on the intact peritoneum of these animals, and on experimental peritonitis in guinea-pigs. It was shown that ultrasound "hammers in" India ink solutions and antibacterial drugs into the peritoneum and in combination with antibiotics, it increases the guinea-pig survival rate in peritonitis. Ultrasound was not found to produce a direct bactericidal effect in vivo. Exposure of peritoneal exudate to ultrasound (1 s/cm2) demonstrated an increase in chemotaxis of neutrophil leukocytes to autologic serum and appreciable phagocytic activity. A longer exposure (up to 3-5 s/cm2 or 6-8 s/cm2) resulted in the partial damage to the peritoneum. Leukocytes, mesotheliocytes and subperitoneal striated muscles were found to be especially sensitive to ultrasound.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Microvascular changes in the lungs of rats with bronchiolo-alveolar fibrosis caused by the intrabronchial administration of trypsin].

Rats were injected intrabronchially with trypsin solution. During the first 3 days, the animals developed acute desquamative alveolitis and at the second week bronchioloalveolar fibrosis. As for the capillaries of the alveolar walls, some of the capillary loops manifested obliteration, whereas other ones ectasia to the alveolar lumen. Deposition of immunoglobulins in the walls of pulmonary vessels was not revealed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Leukocyte cytoskeleton under normal and pathological conditions].

Like other cells, leukocytes have the cellular skeleton comprising microtubules, actine, myosine, and intermediate filaments. Elements of the cellular skeleton are connected with receptors on the plasma membrane surface and determine the distribution density of these receptors. There is functional relationship between microtubules and actine filaments, in particular, microtubules determine uniform distribution of actine filaments in the cell cytoplasm. The basic principle of functioning of the cellular skeleton consists of the process of polymerization and reversible depolymerization of proteins forming components of the cellular skeleton. These processes are regulated by Ca2+, calmoduline, as well as by the ratio of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and guanidine monophosphate in the cell. The cellular skeleton determines the most important functions of leukocytes: their mobility, binding and absorption of various substances, processes of degranulation, fusion of granules with phagocytic vacuole. Cellular skeleton defects are accompanied by recurrent bacterial infections. Several such defects are known: leukocyte actine dysfunction syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, syndrome with marked increase in the content of cGMP and microtubules in leukocytes. In these syndromes, the therapeutic effect is achieved with the substances which regulate the level of cyclic nucleotides in leukocytes, among them large doses of ascorbic acid.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1983

[Structuro-functional characteristics of neutrophilic leukocytes and their role in the development of inflammatory and immune processes].

Neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (NPNL) are an important part of the protection system of higher animals against infection and related with specific immune response taking part in immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions and affecting some parameters of mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes. Among bactericidal mechanisms of NPNL, neutral proteases and nonenzymatic cation proteins are particularly important. NPNL have fine autoregulation mechanisms among which of special importance is the synthesis of biologically active substances: leukotrienes, including a slow acting anaphylaxis substance, prostaglandins, and prostacyclins. These metabolites of arachidonic acid affect chemotropism of NPNL, phagocytosis activity, and secretion processes. The real activity of NPNL bactericidal mechanisms is determined by the following factors: (1) the state of genetically programmed structural-functional parameters common to NPNL, (2) the state of autoregulation mechanisms of NPNL function, (3) the stage of the infectious process, (4) NPNL--macrophage-lymphocyte system interaction, (5) regulatory effect of the neurohumoral and endocrine systems, (6) serum factors of nonspecific resistance, (7) characteristics of the causative agent of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Morphology of the brain and heart in alcoholic psychoses].

The authors studied the brain and heart of 40 patients (30 males and 10 females) who were hospitalized with the clinical diagnosis of alcoholic delirium, Gaye-Wernike's encephalopathy, and acute alcoholic intoxication due to chronic alcoholism. The morphological alterations in the brain and heart were as follows: compromised vascular permeability, dystrophic changes in the neurons and cardiomyocytes, proliferative reaction of microgliocytes and the development of small cardiosclerosis. Such disorders can be defined as an exacerbation of chronic alcoholic encephalopathy and cardiomyodystrophy. Alcoholic damage to the heart seems to be one of the additional factors that disrupt cerebral hemodynamics which results in hypoxia of the cerebral tissue and is accompanied by impairment of the central regulation of cardiac activity and progression of cerebral changes, i. e. the pathological process develops according to the vicious circle principle.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Acute peritonitis as an inflammation problem].

Clinical features and morphology of circumscribed, general, and diffuse peritonitis were studied on the clinical material including 66 observations and in 320 small animals. In the reactive stage of the process because of rapidly increasing toxicity microcirculation was shown to be disturbed, immunoglobulins were fixed in basal membranes of the microvessels and peritoneum, endotheliocytes and mesotheliocytes decreased in number which facilitated marked plasmorrhagy but prevented migration of leukocytes from the vessels. The function of leukocytes and nonspecific resistance of the organism increased. Cell-mediated immune reactions appeared only by the end of the first 24 hours of the disease. In the toxic and terminal stages, severe degenerative changes developed in leukocytes, and pathological processes progressed. Some pathogenetic mechanisms of common forms of peritonitis are discussed. The authors believe that the severe course of peritonitis is associated with rapidly increasing toxicity due to the effect both of microbial toxins and disorders in the microcirculation preventing adequate supply of leukocytes into the zone of inflammation as well as with late involvement into the process of protective cell-mediated immune responses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

[Myocardium in acute and chronic experimental alcoholic intoxication].

The myocardium of both heart ventricles in acute (AAP) and chronic (CAP) alcoholic poisoning was studied in 90 randombred rats. Functional-morphological changes typical of alcoholic cardiomyodystrophy were shown to develop in the heart in AAP and CAP. In AAP, alcoholic cardiomyodystrophy may lead to acute cardiac insufficiency and in CAP to progressive reduction of the contractile function of the heart and disturbances of conductivity in it. In AAP, however, the leading factor is the disturbance of bioenergetics as a result of toxic effect of ethanol and its metabolites on mitochondrial membranes under conditions of markedly disordered microcirculation. In CAP, along disordered microcirculation. In CAP, along with compensatory-adaptative processes in cardiomyocytes there increase the defects of the contractile apparatus, and diffuse fine-focal cardiosclerosis. This is the result of a long-term effect of ethanol and progressive hypoxia due to the affected vessels and disorders in lipid metabolism. Disorders in the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum may contribute to reduced contractile capacity of the heart.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1982

[Reaction of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells in aseptic and bacterial peritonitis].

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine mesothelial cells of the rat peritoneum in aseptic peritonitis caused by intraperitoneal starch injections and in bacterial peritonitis induced by injury to the large intestine. Active contraction of the mesotheliocytes was recorded in early stages of both the types of peritonitis. In aseptic peritonitis, that contraction was replaced by relaxation of the cells, whereas in bacterial peritonitis, by dystrophy and desquamation.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Morphology of the parietal peritoneum and peritoneal exudate in peritonitis].

Biopsies of the peritoneum and cells of peritoneal exudate were examined in 36 patients with various phases and extension of acute purulent peritonitis. In 34 of them biopsy was taken before and after therapeutic treatment with low-frequency ultrasound. In all the cases the material was examined by light microscope, in 9 by means of transmission electron microscopy, in 2 by means of scanning electron microscopy. The peritoneum of 3 patients undergoing planned operation was studied as the control. It was shown that on the first day of peritonitis development there occurred active contraction of endotheliocytes of peritoneal microvessels with divergence of intercellular contacts resulting in sharp extravasation of the liquid, condensation of the blood formed elements, and formation of stases and microthrombi. The latter prevented marginal stay and emigration of leukocytes. Ultrasonic treatment facilitated the destruction of microthrombi and was accompanied by intensive leukocyte migration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Alcoholic injuries to the myocardium].

Investigations of recent years have demonstrated an important role of cardiovascular pathology in the clinical picture of alcoholism. Chronic alcoholic poisoning leads to the development of alcoholic myocardial dystrophy (AMCD) which frequently has no definite clinical symptoms. Examination of morphological changes in the myocardium in AMCD reveals some signs which are not sufficiently specific but are of diagnostic interest in combination with clinical data. Comparison or morphofunctional and biochemical clinical and experimental data suggested multiple-factor nature of AMCD. The leading role in it belongs to hypoxia-like effects of ethanol proper and its metabolites on the myocardium as well as to their mediated effect through the disorders of the sympathetic regulation of the heart, electrolite and lipid metabolism, microcirculation.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Changes in the contractile myocardium in acute rhythm disorders].

Experiments in rabbits were carried out to study the morphology of contractile myocardium in arrhythmias caused by electric stimulation of previously intact myocardium (1st group) and in those caused by inhalation of ammonia steam against the background of exogenous poisoning with barium chloride (2nd group). Morphological lesions of contractile myocardium consisting in granular an vacuolar dystrophy at 1--3 days of the experiment and focal myocytolysis at 7 days were demonstrated. In animals of the 2nd group, morphological lesions in the myocardium were more severe and by the 7th day of the experiment included both focal myocytolysis and contracture alterations. Changes in the blood vessels of the microcirculation bed were similar in both groups consisting of vascular spasm followed by paresis, plethora, diapedetic hemorrhages and early signs of thrombus formation. The latter was observed earlier in animals of the 2nd group. The observed morphological changes in contractile myocardium may be regarded as one of the forms on non-coronarogenic myocardiopathies.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1980

[Decisions of the Party and the tasks of the All-Union Society of Pathologicoanatomists].

The ways and forms of work of the All-Union and regional scientific societies of pathology in realization of the CPSU CC Degree "On Further Improvement of Ideological and Political Education Work" are discussed. It is suggested that the entire activity of the pathology societies be directed at the solution of the two main objectives extensive development and perfection of methodology of research work and direct participation of the pathology societies in the educational work among their members.

Communism↗
PubMed1976

[Morphologic basis for several myocardial metabolic disorders in the presence of respiration uncoupled from phosphorylation].

It was experimentally established that the destruction of mitochondria due to a reduction of ATP production and to their compensatory hyperfunction under energy defecit is underlying some disorders in the myocardial metabolism caused by 2,4-DNP intoxication. Energy deficit results in K+ metabolism disorders and the related acetylcholine synthesis which predisopses the changes in the cardiac function and still further increases the myocardial requirements of energy. The bio-energy disorders develop in a vicious circle manner, and when the intoxication increases, it inevitably results in energy depletion and cardiac arrest.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1976

[Role of the changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in disorders of myocardial function].

Acute focal ischemia of the myocardium, acute hemodynamic overloading of the heart, coarctation of the aorta, and fibrillation of the heart were simulated on rabbits. The animals were studied for the contractile function of the myocardium, and potential work capacity of the heart was calculated according to a special formula. The rebbits were sacrificed at the acute period of the development of a pathological process, and the contractile myocardium was investigated by electron microscope. The studies of the bioelectric activity of the heart revealed periodically appearing disorders of the cardiac rhythm. The electron-microscopy investigation showed, apart from changes in the ultrastructure of cells of the contractile myocardium reflecting their hyperfunction, marked dilatation of small canals of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, right to the formation of cisterns containing sequesters of cells. It is established that the changes referred to above in the sarcotubular system were associated with potassium dysbalance. The conclusion was drawn that the above said changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum was a stereotype reaction of the alterative heart at the level of ultrastructures developing according to the principle of a vicious circle.

Animals↗