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Biomedical subjects

V Santosh

Publications and source records attributed to V Santosh.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Pathology of Madras type of motor neuron disease (MMND)--a histological and immunohistochemical study.

A neuropathological report of Madras type of motor neuron disease (MMND) is presented and the differences from other forms of MND are discussed. An 18-year-old girl presented with nerve deafness and slowly progressive bulbo-spinal muscular atrophy, characteristic of MMND. Post-mortem examination of the spinal cord showed a severe loss of anterior horn cells, prominent dilatation of vessels, diffuse, but sparse sprinkling of microglial cells and lymphocytes, and demyelination and sclerosis of the ventrolateral columns. Neuronal depletion and marked gliosis was noted in the cochlear nucleus on both sides, while other bulbar motor nuclei were also involved. The cochlear nerve showed demyelination and axonal loss. Trigeminal and vestibular ganglia revealed features of ganglionitis. The possibility of an inflammatory aetiology for MMND needs to be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Giant intramedullary teratoma in an infant.

Teratomas are uncommon tumors of the nervous system, the commonest site being the pineal region. Spinal teratomas are very rare apart from the sacrococcygeal variety. The authors report the occurrence of an intramedullary teratoma in an infant. The clinical features, imaging studies and the pathology are discussed. In addition the literature is also reviewed.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Centronuclear myopathy--morphological relation to developing human skeletal muscle: a clinicopathological evaluation.

Centronuclear myopathy (CNM), an uncommon condition, is one of the congenital myopathies. It is believed to arise as a result of maturational arrest, with persistence of myotubes postnatally. However, denervation being the basic disease process and its possible influence on central nervous system causing defect in nuclear migration has also been postulated. Keeping in view these existing controversies, we have studied 17 cases of CNM (neonatal - 1, childhood - 13, adulthood - 3) during the last twelve and a half years. Diagnosis was based on histological and enzyme histochemical findings of muscle biopsy along with clinical data. Ultrastructural characterstics of muscle have been studied in 10 cases. The affected muscle fibres showed a central nucleus (40-99%) with perinuclear halo. Type I fibre predominance with hypoplasia was consistently seen. Fibre type disproportion was noticed in 7 cases. The neonatal form revealed dense oxidative enzyme reaction product in the centre. The morphological features of CNM were compared with foetal skeletal muscles obtained at gestational ages ranging from 9 weeks - 36 weeks (n = 18). In the severe neonatal form th myofibres resembled the foetal myotubes. In the less severe childhood and adult form of CNM, aberrant organization of cytoskeletal network might have played a pathogenetic role in causing the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, south India (1989-96).

One hundred patients (95 males, 5 females, mean age at presentation 31.6 +/- 9.4 yr) with various neurological disorders associated with HIV infection during 1989-1996 were evaluated at NIMHANS, Bangalore. Eighty patients belonged to group I associated with opportunistic neuroinfections and 20 to group II--non infectious neurological disorders. Cryptococcal meningitis either alone (n = 31) or associated with tuberculous meningitis (n = 6) was the most common (46.3%) followed by neurotuberculosis either alone (n = 24) or with cerebral toxoplasmosis (n = 4) accounting for 35 per cent. Other opportunistic neuroinfections included cerebral toxoplasmosis, herpes zoster, fulminant pyogenic meningitis and neurosyphilis. Clinical characteristics, diagnostic clues, their laboratory and radiological profiles and problems encountered in diagnosis and management of these opportunistic infections are highlighted. In group II (19 males and one female; mean age of 32.6 +/- 9.4 yr), two patients had cortical dementia, three acute brain stem involvement, two epilepsy and one had features suggestive of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Two patients of group I during follow up developed cortical dementia. Six had peripheral nervous system involvement similar to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Sixty six patients (63 of group I and 3 of group II) progressed to AIDS, 33 patients from group I and one patient from group II succumbed to the disease. With the rapid increase in the incidence of HIV/AIDS and an increase in the neurological manifestations of HIV/AIDS it is important to recognise the magnitude of the problem for health planning in India.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2000

Primary angiitis of CNS : neuropathological study of three autopsied cases with brief review of literature.

Primary angiitis of CNS(PACNS) or granulomatous angiitis of CNS is a rare inflammatory disease of small blood vessels mostly confined to the CNS. The clinical and pathological features of 3 autopsied cases are described. Clinically all the three PACNS patients were young males, age ranging from 19 to 31 years. All presented with varied neurological manifestations. There was no evidence of systemic disease in any of the cases. The ESR was normal and CSF analysis showed chronic meningitic pattern. The cerebral angiogram in one case was normal and the CT scan done in another case showed multiple intracerebral haematoma due to vasculitis. Brain biopsy was not done. Diagnosis was made at post-mortem examination. Histology showed characteristic but variable degree of granulomatous and non-granulomatous angiitis of small vessels. Venulitis with parenchymal haemorrhages was the predominant feature and in one case phlebitis with thrombosis was noted. Since the disease responds to steroids and immunosuppressive therapy, establishing antemortem diagnosis is important. In view of the association of angiitis of CNS with bacteria and viral infections, their role in the evolution of the disease needs to be investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Benign triton tumor of the trigeminal nerve.

Benign triton tumor (neuromuscular hamartoma) is a rare tumor of the peripheral nerves, comprising mature neural and striated muscle elements. We report the third case, according to the literature, of a benign triton tumor affecting the Vth cranial nerve in a 4-year-old male child. The tumor was seen to involve the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve in the infratemporal fossa and extend intracranially by eroding the base of middle cranial fossa. The mass was totally excised. In the tumor, bundles of axons intermingling with fascicles of relatively mature skeletal muscle were found. This type of hamartomatous lesions of neuroectodermal-mesenchymal origin could have arisen as the result of incorporation of mesenchymal tissue into nerve sheaths during embryogenesis or aberrant differentiation of neuroectodermal component into mesenchymal elements.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Diagnostic efficacy of stereotactic biopsies in intracranial tuberculomas.

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic biopsies for diagnosing intracranial tuberculomas are often reported to be inconclusive, being confirmatory in only 28% of cases. We analyzed the role and diagnostic efficacy of stereotactic biopsies in the management of intracranial tuberculomas. METHODS: Twenty patients diagnosed with intracranial tuberculomas based on neuroimaging procedures underwent computerized tomography (CT) guided stereotactic biopsies for histological confirmation. In 10 patients (Group A), biopsies were obtained from the center of the lesion; in the other 10 (Group B), biopsies were obtained from both the enhancing rim and the isodense center and examined separately. The tissues were processed for paraffin sections and hematoxylin eosin staining. In addition, in the first five patients a squash smear from a small portion of the biopsy was prepared, and the cytological features of the cells were examined. All the patients received antitubercular medication and CT scans were repeated 4 months posttreatment. RESULTS: Histopathological features of the paraffin sections in 17 patients (Group A: 8, Group B: 9) were diagnostic of tuberculoma, whereas the other three revealed only chronic nonspecific inflammation. Based on the cytological features in squash smears, diagnosis could be made in one of five. In two, although the smear was not diagnostic, the histological section from the same specimen confirmed the tuberculous pathology. There was no procedural morbidity or mortality. One patient had a small asymptomatic hematoma at the biopsy site. Three patients died during the follow-up period, due to secondary complications of tuberculosis. Repeat CT scans during follow-up after antituberculous treatment confirmed the reduction in the size of the lesion in 15/17 patients. CONCLUSION: The high positive yield of stereotactic biopsies in diagnosing tuberculomas argues for their inclusion in the management protocol for tuberculous mass lesions.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1999

Solitary olfactory groove schwannoma: case report with review of the literature.

A 45-year-old man presented with headaches of 6 months' duration and generalized seizures in a cluster 2 days prior to admission. Examination revealed bilateral papilloedema and no focal deficits. CT scan showed an isodense enhancing mass lesion in the right frontobasal region with perilesional edema. Bifrontal craniotomy (with total excision of the tumor) revealed a tumor in the region of the right olfactory groove attached to the cribriform plate. Histopathological examination disclosed it to be a hyalinised schwannoma. Solitary schwannomas arising from the olfactory groove are extremely rare. Only six other cases have been reported so far. The presentation. CT scan findings and histogenesis of the tumor are discussed along with a review of the literature.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1999

Intraventricular tuberculous abscess: a case report.

Ventricles can be involved in different ways in neurotuberculosis, however, the occurrence of intraventricular abscess has been rarely reported. We report a young woman who had intraventricular tubercular abscess. Cranial computed tomographic scan showed hypodense ring enhancing lesion in the right lateral ventricle with unilateral hydrocephalus. She underwent parasagittal craniotomy with total excision of the lesion. The pus obtained from the lesion was teeming with acid fast bacilli.

Abscess↗
PubMed1999

Pseudo-aneurysm of the carotid bifurcation secondary to radiation.

Pseudoaneurysms of the extracranial carotid vessels have a varied etiopathogenesis. Cases have been attributed to spontaneous rupture, following tonsillectomy or peritonsillar abscesses, trauma, postanastamotic and, rarely, postirradiation, and ECMO. The authors present a case of a pseudoaneurysm involving the carotid artery bifurcation following radiation therapy. A saphenous vein graft was used to establish continuity between the common and the internal carotid arteries. A vascular shunt was used to maintain cerebral perfusion during surgery. This case highlights the technical difficulties encountered in correcting this condition. This case exemplifies the technical difficulties that are encountered in a complicated case such as this. Numerous previous operations and radiotherapy compounded the hazards of the surgical procedure. Although technically challenging, every attempt must be made to resect pseudoaneurysms caused by radiation induced vascular damage.

Aneurysm, False↗
PubMed1998

Neurocytoma/rhabdomyoma (myoneurocytoma) of the cerebellum.

An unusual case of cerebellar neurocytoma with rhabdomyomatous differentiation in a 6-year-old boy is reported. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features of the tumour were studied. Abortive synapse formation, the presence of clear vesicles and synaptophysin immunoreactivity of the tumour cells indicated its intermediate neuronal differentiation, while the presence of myoblasts and myotubes and immunolabelling by desmin confirmed the rhabdomyomatous differentiation. In addition, the mesenchymal cells variably expressed neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein, suggesting inductive interaction between the neuroectodermal and ectomesenchymal elements and persistence of the pleuripotential nature of the cells along the rhombic area of the brain stem.

Cerebellar Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Histopathological & immunohistochemical evaluation of ageing changes in normal human brain.

As age related changes in the brain have not been systematically studied in the Indian population though there is an impression that they are less frequent, we studied 52 brains collected at autopsy from individuals above the age of 60 yr. The incidence of senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) together were found to increase with age from 21 per cent in the seventh decade to 33 per cent in the eighth decade and 54 per cent in the ninth decade, the increasing incidence of NFTs being statistically significant. The SPs were found both in the hippocampus and frontal cortex while NFTs were seen only in the hippocampus in non-demented aged individuals. In contrast, in the three cases of Alzheimer's disease (symbol: see text) AD studied, the NFTs and SPs were found in high density in both hippocampus and frontal cortex. By immunohistochemistry, various morphological forms of SPs were found to have beta amyloid protein consistently, while ubiquitin and phosphorylated neurofilament occurred variably. More number of SPs could be labelled by amyloid immunostaining than by conventional silver stains. The NFTs contained ubiquitin and phosphorylated neurofilament protein as the antigenic components, both in AD and normal ageing. The incidence of age related changes and their antigenic character in the limited sample studied from south India appears to be comparable to findings from the West. Multicentric studies on a large sample derived from different ethnic groups in India are needed to further evaluate these features.

Aged↗