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Biomedical subjects

V V Bogomolov

Publications and source records attributed to V V Bogomolov.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Population genetic study of Russian cosmonauts and test subjects: genetic demographic parameters and immunogenetic markers].

Genetic demographic characteristics and immunogenetic markers (blood groups ABO, Rhesus, MNSs, P, Duffy, Kidd, and Kell) have been studied in a group of 132 Russian cosmonauts and test subjects (CTSG). Analysis of pedigrees has shown a high exogamy in the preceding generations: almost half of the subjects have mixed ethnic background. According to the results of genetic demographic analysis, a sample from the Moscow population was used as control group (CG). Comparison between the CTSG and CG has demonstrated significant differences in genotype frequencies for several blood group systems. The CTSG is characterized by a decreased proportion of rare interlocus genotypic combinations and an increased man heterozygosity. Analysis of the distributions of individual heterozygosity for loci with codominant expression of alleles has shown that highly heterozygous loci are more frequent in the CTSG. Taking into account that the CTSG has been thoroughly selected from the general population, it is concluded that heterozygosity is related to successful adaptation to a space flight.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

[Several clinical aspects of a piloted Martian flight].

The authors consider factors and risk sources in long and superlong (interplanetary) missions, conceivable effects of extended exposures in microgravity, and probability of diseases in the crew. They also lay down the basic principles of medical care, including surgery, to be applied in the interplanetary mission, and propose a nomenclature of key means and equipment for the therapeutic and emergency medical care, and a configuration of a medical compartment.

Astronauts↗
PubMed2002

The properties of gamma-radiation and high-energy neutron fluxes in "MIR" station orbit.

The study of radiation background components in the near-Earth space is very important for different branches of space research, in particular for space dosimetry and for the planning of gamma-astronomy experiments. Detailed information on the neutral components (gamma-quanta, neutrons) of background radiation was obtained during the Grif-1 experiment onboard Mir orbital station (OS). The measurements of fluxes of 0.05-50 MeV gamma-quanta and >30 MeV neutrons with a large area instrument (approximately 250 cm2 for gamma-quanta, approximately 30 cm2 for neutrons) as well as corresponding charged particle measurements (0.4-1.5 MeV electrons, 1-200 MeV protons) were made during this experiment. The background components induced by the station's own radiation as well as the albedo gamma-rays from the Earth's atmosphere were revealed as the result of data analysis for about 600 h of observation. A mathematical model describing the latitude and energy dependences of atmospheric albedo gamma-rays as well as of those of gamma-quanta produced in the material of the station due to cosmic ray interactions was developed. An analytical approximation of the spectrum of induced gamma-rays from radioactive isotopes stored in the station and instrument's materials is presented. The dynamics of gamma-quantum background fluxes during the geomagnetic disturbances of January 10-11, 1997 are discussed. An analytical representation of the latitude dependence of the integral flux of neutrons with >30 MeV is given.

Brazil↗
PubMed2000

[Individual peculiarities of adaptation to long-term space flights: 24-hour heart rhythm monitoring].

Presented are results of studying 24-hr variability of the cardiac rhythm which characterizes individual difference in reactions of two crew members to the same set of stresses during a 115-day MIR mission. Spacelab (USA) cardiorecorders were used. Data of monitoring revealed significantly different baseline health statuses of the cosmonauts. These functional differences were also observed in the mission. In one of the cosmonauts, the cardiac regulation changed over to a more economic functioning with the autonomous balance shifted towards enhanced sympathetic activity. After 2-3 months on mission he had almost recovered pre-launch level of regulation. In the other, the regulatory system was appreciably strained at the beginning of the mission as compared with preflight baseline. Later on, on flight months 2-3, this strain kept growing till a drastic depletion of the functional reserve. On return to Earth, this was manifested by a strong stress reaction with a sharp decline in power of high-frequency and grow in power of very low frequency components of the heart rhythm. The data suggest that adaptation to space flight and reactions in the readaptation period are dependent on initial health status of crew members, and functional reserve.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1998

Measurements of high-energy neutron and proton fluxes on-board "Mir-Spectr" orbital complex.

The measurements of high-energy neutron (with energies approximately 30-300 MeV) and proton (with energies approximately 1-200 MeV) fluxes are being conducted on-board "Mir-Spectr" orbital complex. Neutrons are detected by the undirected (FOV approximately 4 pi sr) scintillator spectrometer, consisting of 4 identical CsI(T1) detector units (the effective area for neutrons approximately 30 cm2). The gamma-quanta, which can be also detected by this instrument, are separated from neutrons by the analysis of the scintillator output pulse shape. To exclude registration of charged particles an anticoincidence plastic scintillator shield is realized in each detector unit. The proton fluxes are measured by the telescope based on 3 semiconductor detectors with small geometry factor (approximately 1 cm2 x sr). As the first result of the experiment the upper limit of the integral flux of local and albedo neutrons in the equatorial region (L<1. 1) was estimated. The results of this measurements can be useful for the radiation security. Also, the neutrons of solar flares can be detected in this experiment.

Gamma Rays↗
PubMed1997

[Modernization of methods amd technical means of information supply of piloted space flights].

The goal was to lay basis for a change to modern, adequate to international standards technology of the biomedical data transfer to and from the orbital complex, and setting-up a computer network to link all partners in the medical care systems for space missions. Main sources of the board biomedical information were identified as well as associated restrictions on communication capabilities and upgrading the in-flight procedures. Advantages of INTERNET were analyzed and the need for high-speed digital downlink of the biomedical data was substantiated.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1993

Main medical results of extended flights on space station Mir in 1986-1990.

During 1986-1990 seven prime spacecrews (16 cosmonauts) have flown on-board the Mir orbital complex. The longest space mission duration was 366 days The principal objectives of the medical tasks were the maintenance of good health and performance of the spacecrews and conducting medical research programs which included study of the cardiovascular, motor, endocrine, blood, immune, and metabolic systems. Results obtained point to the ability of humans to readily adapt to a year-long stay in space and maintain good health and performance. Readaptation had a similar course as after other previous long-term space flights of up to 8 months in duration. Primary body system changes were not qualitatively different from findings after flights aboard the Salyut 6 and 7 space stations. In this case, during and after an 11-12 month flight, body system alterations were even less severe which was a result of adequate countermeasure use, their systematic and creative employment and maintenance of required environments to support life and work in space.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Preliminary medical results of the Mir year-long mission.

The basic goal of medical investigations during and after the 366-day mission was to accumulate data about physiological responses to such a long exposure to microgravity. In flight, cardiovascular and other systems were examined in detail and the efficacy of countermeasures used was assessed. After flight, physiological systems were also followed very carefully. According to the preliminary data, the medical results obtained during and after flight give evidence that man can well adapt to a year-long space flight, maintaining good health and adequate work capacity. The readaptation process was very similar to that observed after shorter flights (6-11 months). As compared to former flights, no new or qualitatively different changes in the vital systems of the body were seen. The observations indicate that the duration of manned space missions can be further increased.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1991

Medical rehabilitation following long-term space missions.

The paper presents the theoretical prerequisites and validation of medical rehabilitation of the cosmonauts following space missions developed on the basis of complex experimental studies and space medicine experience. The main phenomenological manifestations of redaptation and the tasks of stepwise recovery are described. Readaptation changes in the body state are considered, on the one hand, as a consequence of the microgravity effect and, on the other hand, as the adaptation manifestations to 1 g and occurring on the Earth. The principles and approaches to performing the rehabilitative measures, methods, means, dosage and sequence of their applications at early and subsequent stages of readaptation including a sanatorium treatment are presented. An individualization of specific programs of rehabilitative-and-therapeutic measure is of great importance. An effectiveness of medical rehabilitation system now in use and its significance for maintaining the professional longevity of cosmonauts are discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anesthesia, surgical aid and resuscitation in manned space missions.

When discussing problems related to medical service in space flight, particular attention should be given to the specific living conditions and changes associated with space flight. In disease and injury, surgery can be provided only after conservative therapy has failed. In this context gnotobiological chambers allowing surgery in aseptic conditions seem promising. A portable set of interchangeable surgical tools should be made of light-weight alloys that can be readily sterilized. Electroanalgesia in combination with auriculoacupuncture as well as peridureal anesthesia may be used as they allow normal operations in autonomous space flight conditions. Changes in the sympatho-adrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems, as well as water-electrolyte balance, should be taken into account in developing methods and means of medical service in critical situations. Special attention should be given to the prevention and treatment of brain edema in view of weightlessness-induced cephalad fluid shifts.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification of individual genotype parameters, informative for medical care in piloted space missions: modern and future capabilities].

The factors of space flight provoke some negative shifts in crew health. Improvement of the methods of diagnostics, evaluation of predisposition to diseases and correction of functional deviations is within the scope of the crew medical operations personnel. It is also a new focus of biomedical research referred to as "personalized medicine" the corner stone of which is genetic analysis. Investigations in this area are prediscovery by character; population genetics seems to be the most adequate approach. The authors give examples of candidate genes the genotypes of which could be of significance to medical operations and discuss the genetic safety of space flight. Aside from the applied aspects, the genetic investigations of space crews are of their own concernment in understanding the genetic basis of differences in biological resistance to unhealthy environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment and prediction of health status of the Mars mission crew members].

The scientific concept of health assessment and prediction in a piloted mission to Mars has been built on the principles of pre-nosologic diagnostics, i.e., identification of the norm-pathology borderline states. The article deals with the medical care policy for the mission, and specific techniques and technologies. A three-level system of health assessment and prediction is proposed. Innovative approaches to evaluation of the body control systems during long exposure in microgravity have a footing of ground-based and space experimental investigations. Namely, these include evaluation of the cardiorespiration autonomous regulation and body functional reserve assessment by noninvasive recording of physiological signals in sleeping crewmembers before and after mission.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Russian treadmill BD-1 as a backup of the NASA TVIS].

Already during the early ISS increments malfunctioning of NASA TVIS (treadmill with vibration isolation system) posed major problems for regular crew training and particularly scamper, one of the key exercises on the Russian physical training program. During ISS increment-3, TVIS unscheduled repairs took virtually all the training time. In search for TVIS backup, Russian and NASA engineers considered jointly Russian treadmill BD-1, originally designed for Russian "shuttle" Buran and accepted it as a suitable backup in case of complete TVIS failure. To enter into the "dialogue" with BD-1, i.e., to record and downlink training data, the treadmill speed indicator, a part of the treadmill stand, was replaced by PC.

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sanatorium-health resort stage of medical rehabilitation of astronauts after long-term space flight].

This paper presents observations over 18 cosmonauts who participated in space flights of 75 days to 12 months and stayed in a sanatorium in the city of Kislovodsk thereafter. The rehabilitation stage continued for 30-40 days. The early stage of rehabilitation lasted 2-3 weeks at the cosmodrome or Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. They were taken to a sanatorium for further medical rehabilitation when they showed residual phenomena of postflight fatigue, incomplete recovery of the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, hematological, biochemical and immunological changes. Rehabilitation measures included physical training, terrain cure, balneological procedures. Medical monitoring was performed using physical examinations, arterial pressure and heart rate measurement, ECG, Holter monitoring during terrain cure, and blood and urine clinical analysis. The results showed a beneficial development of readaptation, increase of functional capabilities and physical work capacity of crewmembers. Final physical examinations gave evidence that most physiological parameters returned to the preflight level. Increase of flight duration to 11-12 months did not cause increase of post-recovery duration.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of medical studies in relation to the program of the second space flight on the orbital complex "Mir"].

In 1987, the USSR cosmonauts Y. V. Romanenko (326 days), A. I. Laveikin (approximately 176 days), and A. P. Alexandrov (approximately 160 days) made a space mission on Mir. (A. I. Laveikin showed specific cardiovascular responses to exercise tests and was therefore replaced with A. P. Alexandrov). The most important medical result of this mission was that Yu. V. Romanenko, who remained in orbit for 3 months longer than anyone before, working intensively, did not exhibit any changes that were qualitatively different from those observed in previous long-duration space flights. The health status and work performance of other crewmembers were also good, although each of them showed individual responses. The postflight recovery period went smooth.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Review of main medical results of a one-year manned space mission on "Mir"].

The objective of medical investigations during and after the 366-day manned mission was to accumulate information about human responses to long-term effects of microgravity. To do this, cardiovascular and other systems were examined in detail during and after exposure. The results gave evidence that the crewmembers well adapted to the long-term flight effects. Their good health condition and high work capacity were supported by adequate medical procedures. Postflight readaptation developed similarly to what was seen after previous flights of shorter duration (6-11 months). No qualitatively new changes in the physiological systems were detected during or after this mission.

Adaptation, Biological↗