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Biomedical subjects

W Albritton

Publications and source records attributed to W Albritton.

12 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Development of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of chancroid.

The published nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of Haemophilus ducreyi were used to develop primer sets and probes for the diagnosis of chancroid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA amplification. One set of broad specificity primers yielded a 303-bp PCR product from all bacteria tested. Two 16-base probes internal to this sequence were species specific for H. ducreyi when tested with 12 species of the families Pasteurellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. The two probes in combination with the broad specificity primers were 100% sensitive with 51 strains of H. ducreyi isolated from six continents over a 15-year period. The direct detection of H. ducreyi from 100 clinical specimens by PCR showed a sensitivity of 83 to 98% and a specificity of 51 to 67%, depending on the number of amplification cycles.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Laboratory and clinical evaluations of media for the primary isolation of Haemophilus species.

There has not previously been an objective comparison of medium formulations for the primary isolation of Haemophilus species. This study was undertaken to evaluate the components required for the optimal growth of large, easily identifiable colonies of these bacteria. We compared six medium bases and seven supplements for their ability to support the growth of 86 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 17 strains of other species of Haemophilus. By using a growth index that combines colony size and the dilution factor, a formulation of GC agar base with 1% yeast autolysate and 5% sheep blood (chocolated) promoted the growth of large, easily recognizable colonies of H. influenzae and other Haemophilus species. This medium was designated GCYSB. The addition of hematin to supplements that supplied NAD (or factor V) to the medium was inhibitory to the growth of all of the Haemophilus species tested. In a clinical comparison of GCYSB with routinely used chocolate agar medium in two laboratories for the primary isolation of Haemophilus species, overall GCYSB promoted better growth of 124 strains of H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae. GCYSB is easy to prepare and inexpensive compared with the ease of preparation and expense of other Haemophilus isolation media.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1989

Characterization of a streptomycin-sulfonamide resistance plasmid from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

An Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain contained a plasmid (pHD8.1) conferring resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide. Restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA-DNA hybridization showed that pHD8.1 is related to RSF1010 from Salmonella panama, which also confers resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide, and to pHD148 from Haemophilus ducreyi, which confers resistance only to sulfonamide.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1988

Osteomyelitis due to Kingella kingae infection.

A case of osteomyelitis due to Kingella kingae is presented to illustrate the insidious onset and indolent course typical of bone infections caused by this organism. The frequently negative result obtained with Gram's stain and the fastidious nature of the organism makes diagnosis difficult. Initial therapy with an aminopenicillin such as ampicillin in addition to antimicrobial drugs for Staphylococcus aureus should be effective in resolving bone and joint infections in children.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1986

Validity and cost-effectiveness of the Gonozyme test in the diagnosis of gonorrhea.

Although bacterial culture is considered to provide the most definitive diagnosis of gonorrhea, it has limitations when specimens must be transported long distances. A study was carried out to evaluate the validity and cost-effectiveness of an alternative method of diagnosing gonorrhea, the Gonozyme test, a commercially available enzyme immunoassay. Urogenital specimens from 100 men and 100 women with symptoms suggestive of or a history of exposure to gonorrhea were tested for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by means of bacterial culture and for gonococcal antigen with the Gonozyme test. The specimens from the men were also examined by means of microscopy of Gram-stained smears. The sensitivity and specificity of the Gonozyme test with reference to culture results were 95.6% and 97.4% respectively in the men and 84.2% and 98.7% in the women. The predictive value of a positive result was 91.6% in the men and 94.1% in the women, and the predictive value of a negative result 98.6% in the men and 96.3% in the women. The cost-effectiveness of the Gonozyme test was higher than that of bacterial culture in this population, which had a high prevalence rate of gonorrhea (23% in the men and 19% in the women). The Gonozyme test would be an adequate alternative to culture for the diagnosis of gonorrhea and contact tracing in areas far from diagnostic laboratories.

Canada↗
PubMed1982

Chemoprophylaxis for Neisseria meningitidis in an isolated Arctic community.

Community chemoprophylaxis with a regimen of sequential minocycline/rifampin (adults) or rifampin alone (children [less than 12 years of age]) was undertaken in a remote Arctic community one year after an outbreak of meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. Nasopharyngeal carriage rates of N. meningitidis before prophylaxis were 32.4% in Inuit (Eskimos) and 6% in Caucasians, with maximal carriage (44.8%) in adolescents. Serogroup B accounted for 63.9% of all isolates before prophylaxis. One week after prophylaxis, the nasopharyngeal carriage rates were 0.8% in Inuit who had received prophylaxis and 33.3% in those who had not received prophylaxis (P less than 0.005). This reduction persisted at nine weeks after prophylaxis, when carriage rates were 1.2% in those who had received prophylaxis and 22.6% in individuals who had not received prophylaxis. Of the strains obtained before prophylaxis, 7.8% were sulfadiazine-resistant, whereas 35% of all isolates obtained from prophylaxis were sulfadiazine-resistant. Rifampin- or minocycline-resistant strains were not identified either before or after prophylaxis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Emergence of rifampin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae.

Rifampin susceptibility of nasopharyngeal Haemophilus influenzae strains was determined before and after community-wide chemoprophylaxis with rifampin (children) and sequential minocycline-rifampin (adults). All strains were rifampin susceptible before prophylaxis, but 10.3% of the strains at 1 week and 7.5% of the strains at 9 weeks after prophylaxis were rifampin resistant.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1982

Adenovirus bronchiolitis in Manitoba: epidemiologic, clinical, and radiologic features.

We reviewed our experience with 41 children hospitalized from 1974 to 1978 for adenovirus (ADV) bronchiolitis. Thirty-two patients (78 percent) were native Indians between four and 12 months old. In 18 of the 41 patients (43.9 percent) acute complications developed. The five fatal cases (12.2 percent) were confined to native children. The initial chest roentgenograms showed lobar consolidation in 35 patients (85.4 percent). Atelectasis developed in five (12.2 percent) during hospitalization. Sixteen of 25 patients (64 percent) with adequate radiologic follow-up examination had subsequent pneumonias or showed residual chronic changes. The reasons for the predilection of ADV bronchiolitis in native Indian children and the precise effect on subsequent airway function in survivors are unknown and require further study. We emphasize the importance of ADV as a cause of bronchiolitis in native Indian children. Furthermore, this report focuses attention on the contribution of this disease to the spectrum of chronic pulmonary disorders in the pediatric group.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1979

Ecthyma gangrenosum.

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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Prospective comparison of cefoxitin and cefazolin in infections caused by aerobic bacteria.

Intravenous cefazolin and cefoxitin were compared in a prospective randomized trial in infections where the suspected pathogen was expected to be susceptible to both antibiotics. In the cefazolin group (12 patients) the diagnosis was pneumonia in 4, including 2 with pneumococcal bacteremia, soft tissue infection in 5, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in 1, acute pyelonephritis in 1, and disseminated gonococcal infection in 1. In the cefoxitin group (10 patients) the diagnosis was pneumonia in 4, including 2 with pneumococcal bacteremia, soft tissue infection in 4, acute pyelonephritis in 1, and disseminated gonococcal infection in 1. In the cefazolin group receiving an evaluable course of therapy, a good clinical response was seen in 10 of 11 patients, and a bacteriological response was seen in 5 of 7. Cefazolin failed to eradicate S. aureus bacteremia in 1 patient and S. aureus in a skin ulcer of another patient. All 10 cefoxitin patients had good clinical and bacteriological responses, but in 1 patient S. aureus colonization of a postoperative wound recurred after discontinuation of the drug. Side effects in both groups included skin rash, phlebitis, and elevation of the serum alkaline phosphatase. Both cefoxitin and cefazolin appeared effective in infections caused by susceptible aerobic pathogens with the possible exception of S. aureus, although all 11 strains of S. aureus isolated in this study were susceptible in vitro to both antibiotics. Cefoxitin appeared to be equivalent to cefazolin in efficacy and occurrence of side effects.

Adult↗