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W B Inabnet

Publications and source records attributed to W B Inabnet.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

[Laparoscopic pancreatectomy: a series of 22 patients].

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic pancreatic surgery underwent many changes in the last few years. Current indications include staging laparoscopy for pancreatic neoplasms, palliative treatment of non-resectable tumors, and pseudocysts drainage. Pancreatic tail resection or pancreatic enucleation have also been reported, but are currently under investigation. We report our experience in this domain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients who had a pancreatic tail resection or pancreatic enucleation, in a single institution. RESULTS: From November 1993 to June 2002, a laparoscopic pancreatic resection was attempted in 22 patients. Nineteen patients were operated by laparoscopy (86%), two patients had conversion to laparotomy (9%), and one had conversion to a "hand-assisted" technique (4%). There was 17 left pancreatectomies and five enucleations. Median operating time was 4.1 hours (range 1.6 to 6.6 hours). There were no deaths in the first 30 post-operative days. Global morbidity rate was 31.8% (N =7), including four pancreatic fistulas (18%), one superficial phlebitis, one prolonged ileus, and one peri-pancreatic fluid collection. Median hospital stay was six days (1 to 26 days). CONCLUSION. - Pancreatic tail resections and enucleations are feasible by laparoscopy, with a mortality and morbidity rate similar to open surgery. The potential advantages of laparoscopy (reduced post-operative pain, hospital stay and recovery time) should be balanced with a potential increase in pancreatic fistula rate. That risk should be addressed before laparoscopy is generalized for pancreatic resections.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Minimally invasive endoscopic thyroidectomy by a cervical approach.

BACKGROUND: The technique of thyroidectomy mandates adequate visualization of the operative field to identify pertinent anatomical structures. The purpose of this prospective review was to assess the feasibility and safety of endoscopic thyroidectomy by a cervical approach. METHODS: All patients who underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy were assessed by retrospective review of a prospective database. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy by a cervical approach. Thirty-five of 38 cases were successfully completed endoscopically with a mean OR time of 190 min. One patient experienced a permanent recurrent laryngeal palsy. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic thyroidectomy by a cervical approach is a feasible procedure. As in conventional thyroid surgery, great care should be exercised when dissecting the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Endoscopy↗
PubMed2003

Effect of standard vs extended Roux limb length on weight loss outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Increasing the length of the Roux limb in open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) effectively increases excess weight loss in superobese patients with a body mass index (BMI) >50 kg/m2. Extending the RYGB limb length for obese patients with a BMI < 50 could produce similar results. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of superobese patients undergoing laparoscopic RYGB with standard (< or =100-cm) with those undergoing the procedure with an extended (150-cm) Roux limb length over 1-year period of follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective data over 2.5 years were reviewed to identify patients with a BMI < 50 who underwent primary laparoscopic RYGB with 1-year follow-up ( n = 58). Forty-five patients (sRYGB group) received limb lengths < or = 100 cm, including 45 cm ( n = 1), 50 cm ( n = 2), 60 cm ( n = 6), 65 cm ( n = 1), 70 cm ( n = 1), 75 cm ( n = 3), and 100 cm ( n = 31). Thirteen patients (eRYGB group) received 150-cm limbs. Postoperative weight loss was compared at 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. RESULTS: Comparing the sRYGB vs the eRYGB group (average +/- SD), respectively: There were no significant differences in age (41.5 +/- 11.0 vs 38.0 +/- 11.9 years), preoperative weight (119.2 +/- 11.9 vs 127.8 +/- 12.5 kg), BMI (43.7 +/- 3.0 vs 45.2 +/- 3.5 kg/m2), operative time (167.1 +/- 72.7 vs 156.5 +/- 62.4 min), estimated blood loss (129.9 +/- 101.1 vs 166.8 +/- 127.3 cc), or length of stay (median, 3 vs 3 days; range, 2-18 vs 3-19). Body weight decreased over time in both groups, except in the sRYGB group between 3 and 6 months and 6 and 12 months after surgery and in the eRYGB group between 6 and 12 months. BMI also decreased over time, except in the eRYGB group between 6 and 12 months. Absolute weight loss leveled out between 6 and 12 months in both groups, with no increase after 6 months. Percent of excess weight loss did not increase in the eRYGB group after 6 months. An extended Roux limb did not significantly affect body weight, BMI, absolute weight loss, or precent of excess weight loss at any time point when the two groups were compared. A trend toward an increased proportion of patients with >50% excess weight loss ( p = 0.07) was observed in the extended Roux limb group. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, no difference in weight loss outcome variables were observed up to 1 year after laparoscopic RYGB. Thus, extending Roux limb length from < or =100 cm to 150 cm did not significantly improve weight loss outcome in patients with a BMI < 50 kg/m2.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Image-directed parathyroidectomy under local anaesthesia in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Surgical morbidity and mortality rates are increased in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of targeted parathyroid operations in patients over the age of 70 years. METHODS: Forty patients aged over 70 years underwent targeted parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Data were collected prospectively and reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: : There were 33 women and seven men with a mean age of 78 (range 70-92) years, all of whom had symptoms attributable to HPT. A solitary parathyroid adenoma was detected by ultrasonography and/or sestamibi scintigraphy before operation in all patients. Six patients had a history of neck surgery, including two with persistent or recurrent HPT. Thirty-three patients underwent neck exploration under local anaesthesia with intravenous sedation. Following parathyroidectomy, intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels normalized in 39 of 40 patients and accurately predicted postoperative eucalcaemia. Intraoperative findings included 37 solitary adenomas, one double adenoma and two carcinomas. One patient with persistent HPT developed severe hypoparathyroidism following targeted parathyroid exploration with autotransplantation. Twenty-nine patients were discharged from hospital on the day of surgery. Nineteen of 21 patients for whom data were available reported an improvement in symptoms. CONCLUSION: A focused neck exploration provides a safe and effective alternative to bilateral neck exploration in elderly patients in whom a solitary parathyroid adenoma has been localized before operation. Targeted parathyroidectomy under local anaesthesia is recommended in most elderly patients with HPT.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2003

Transcervical endoscopic-assisted mediastinal parathyroidectomy with intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring.

Ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenomas are rare lesions that typically necessitate either median sternotomy or thoracotomy. More recently, video-assisted thoracoscopy has been used to excise mediastinal parathyroid adenomas. Herein we describe a novel technique in which we used a minimally invasive transcervical endoscopic-assisted approach to excise an anterior mediastinal parathyroid adenoma in a young man with a history of spontaneous pneumothorax. Intraoperative parathormone monitoring confirmed the excision of all hypersecreting parathyroid tissue, thereby obviating the need for a conventional neck exploration.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2003

Early experience with two-stage laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as an alternative in the super-super obese patient.

BACKGROUND: Surgical management of the supersuper obese patient (BMI >60 kg/m2) has been a challenging problem associated with higher morbidity, mortality, and long-term weight loss failure. Current limited experience exists with a two-stage biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch in the supersuper obese patient, and we now present our early experience with a two-stage gastric bypass for these patients. METHODS: We completed a retrospective bariatric database and chart review of super-super obese patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as a first-stage procedure followed by laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as a second-stage for more definitive treatment of obesity. RESULTS: During a two-year period, 7 patients with BMI 58-71 kg/m2 underwent a two-stage laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass by two surgeons at the Mount Sinai Medical Center. 3 patients were female, 4 patients were male, and the average age was 43. Prior to the sleeve gastrectomy, the mean weight was 181 kg with a BMI of 63. Average time between procedures was 11 months. Prior to the second-stage procedure, the mean weight was 145 kg with a BMI of 50 and average excess weight loss of 37 kg (33% EWL). Six patients have had follow-up after the second-stage procedure with an average of 2.5 months. At follow-up the mean weight was 126 kg with a BMI of 44 and average excess weight loss of 51 kg (46% EWL). The mean operative times for the two procedures were 124 and 158 minutes respectively. The average length of stay for all procedures was 2.7 days. 4 patients had 5 complications, which included splenic injury, proximal anastomotic stricture, left arm nerve praxia, trocar site hernia, and urinary tract infection. There were no mortalities in the series. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with second-stage Roux-en-Y gastric bypass are feasible and effective procedures based on short-term results. This two-stage approach is a reasonable alternative for surgical treatment of the high-risk supersuper obese patient.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Endoscopic approach for carotid artery surgery.

BACKGROUND: Although recent advances in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis have included endovascular angioplasty and stent placement, carotid endarterectomy is still the approach of choice for carotid disease and is one of the most commonly performed operations today. Minimally invasive surgeries involving the neck have recently been performed for thyroid and parathyroid diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of an endoscopic approach for carotid artery surgery in a large animal model. METHODS: Eight 25- to 30-kg pigs were used. Animals underwent endoscopic carotid dissection with carbon dioxide insufflation at 10 mmHg. A 1.5- to 2-cm arteriotomy was made in the common carotid artery. Four animals underwent direct arteriotomy closure, and four animals underwent synthetic patch graft placement using intracorporeal suturing techniques. Open examination of the operative site and carotid angiograms were performed at the end of the procedure. Operative time was recorded in the last four cases. RESULTS: All animals tolerated the procedure well and carotid artery repair was successfully performed in all cases using a four-trocar technique. The entire extent of the cervical common and internal carotid arteries was exposed up to the cranial base. Cranial nerves and cervical structures were clearly visualized and preserved. No bleeding occurred at the end of the procedure. Carotid angiograms confirmed patent, nonstenotic vessels in all cases. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic approach for carotid surgery is technically feasible in the porcine model. This approach may represent a valuable option for surgery of the carotid artery since it offers the advantages of minimally invasive techniques while maintaining the benefits of surgical arterial repair.

Angioscopy↗
PubMed2002

[Targeted parathyroid surgery: a series of 100 consecutive patients].

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism has long required a bilateral neck exploration to localize all parathyroid glands. New techniques in pre-operative imaging (technetium-99m-sestamibi scanning, high resolution ultrasonography) have allowed an accurate localization of pathological glands. Moreover, the intraoperative intact parathyroid hormone assay (iPTH) now permits to confirm the resection of all hyper-secreting glands. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred and twenty patients underwent parathyroid operations during the last 3 years, by different minimally invasive techniques. Pre- and intra-operative data, as well as the follow-up were recorded prospectively. The results of the last 100 unilateral approaches, performed for primary hyperparathyroidism, were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 78 women and 22 men, with a mean age of 57 +/- 15 years (25 to 92 years). Mean operative time was 44 +/- 25 min. Ninety-three solitary adenomas, three double adenomas, three carcinomas and one hyperplasia were resected. Two patients required a bilateral exploration. There was one intra-operative complication (pneumothorax) during the resection of a mediastinal gland. Three post-operative complications occurred, with 2 hematomas and one transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Median hospital stay was 2 +/- 7,5 hours (1-72 hours). All patients were cured following the operation, as predicted by the intra-operative iPTH assays. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that unilateral, targeted, neck explorations offer a cure rate similar to those obtained by bilateral neck explorations. Moreover, this operation can be performed under local anesthesia, with a short hospital stay and recovery time. The morbidity rate is low but should be addressed by large-scale comparative studies.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2001

Laparoscopic pancreatic resection: single-institution experience of 19 patients.

BACKGROUND: The number of laparoscopic pancreatic resections reported in the surgical literature has been remarkably low. Few substantive data are available concerning current indications and outcomes after laparoscopic pancreatectomy. The purpose of this article is to review the recent indications, complications, and outcomes after laparoscopic pancreatic resection. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of the Mount Sinai hospital records was performed for all patients who underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy or enucleation between the time of the first resection in November 1993 until the time of this study in March 2000. RESULTS: In the 19 patients (6 men) the mean age was 53 years (range 22 to 83 years). In 16 patients (84%) the entire procedure was done by laparoscopy; one operation was converted to a hand-assisted technique; and two cases were converted to open. Median operating time was 4.4 hours (range 1.6 to 6.6 hours), and median intraoperative blood loss was 200 mL. Postoperative complications included three pancreatic leaks (16%), one case of superficial phlebitis, and one prolonged ileus for 7 days (total morbidity of 26%). There were no deaths. The median length of postoperative hospital stay was 6 days (range 1 to 26 days). CONCLUSIONS: This represents the largest single-institution experience with laparoscopic pancreatic resection. The considerable morbidity rate is comparable to recently published open series, and is likely inherent in pancreatic surgery, rather than the technical approach. Laparoscopic pancreatic surgery resulted in shorter hospital stays and appears to be safe for benign diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Endoscopic thyroidectomy for solitary thyroid nodules.

Conventional thyroidectomy often leaves an undesirable scar on the anterior neck. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of endoscopic thyroidectomy, a new minimally invasive technique for thyroid surgery. Between September 1998 and February 2000, 18 patients with a solitary thyroid nodule underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy utilizing CO2 insufflation. There were 16 females and 2 males with a mean age of 43 years (range 17-66 years). Indications for surgery included indeterminate cytology (n = 8), follicular neoplasm (n = 8), Hürthle cell neoplasm (n = 1), and toxic thyroid nodule (n = 1). The mean nodule diameter was 2.7 cm (0.6-7 cm). Analgesic requirement, return to normal activity, and cosmetic results were compared to 18 consecutive patients who had conventional thyroidectomy. Sixteen of 18 cases were successfully completed endoscopically with a mean operating time of 220 minutes (range, 120-330 minutes). There were no major complications, but 3 patients developed mild hypercarbia and 1 patient had an incidental parathyroidectomy. When compared to conventional thyroidectomy, patients undergoing endoscopic thyroidectomy had a significantly superior cosmetic result (p < 0.005) and a quicker return to normal activity (p < 0.05), but there was no difference in analgesic requirement. Endoscopic thyroidectomy is a technically feasible and safe procedure that leads to an improved cosmetic result and a quicker recovery. Open completion thyroidectomy is recommended for thyroid carcinoma until more data are available.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A normal variant on Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI whole-body imaging: the superior right atrial wall (auricle) and superoanterior right ventricular wall are often seen as mediastinal lesions.

PURPOSE: The authors have often observed on Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI) scans in patients with thyroid cancer a small focus of increased uptake in the right midparasternal region (focus A) or sometimes in the lower mid chest at the level of the lower sternum (focus B) just inferomedial to focus A. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of this finding on Tl-201 MIBI studies, to assess the incidence of true pathologic lesions corresponding to these foci, and to identify their nature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred ten whole body Tl-201 studies using 4 mCi (148 MBq) and 84 MIBI studies using 20 mCi (740 MBq: first-pass, planar, and SPECT images) were reviewed. The appearance of either focus A or focus B on three orthogonal SPECT images was correlated with an atlas of cross-sectional anatomy and computed tomography. If focus A was seen on the immediate static image (obtained at the end of the first-pass acquisition without moving the patient), this image was coregistered with a selected image from the first-pass study showing the superior vena cava and also with another selected image showing the ascending aorta. RESULTS: Focus A was seen in 40% of Tl-201 scans and in 49% of MIBI scans, whereas focus B was seen in 20% of Tl-201 scans and 39% of MIBI scans. On correlation of the SPECT images with a cross-sectional anatomy atlas, focus A and focus B invariably corresponded to the superior portion of the right auricle and basal superoanterior right ventricular wall, respectively. These myocardial regions are prominent and sometimes appear as discrete foci because they are considerably thicker than other parts of the right atrial and right ventricular muscle, respectively, and because they are seen partly end-on in the anterior projection. CONCLUSIONS: The superior portion of the right auricle and basal superoanterior right ventricular myocardium often appear as isolated foci on whole-body Tl-201 and MIBl scans. Neither focus should be interpreted as a metastatic lesion in patients with possible cancer or as an ectopic parathyroid adenoma in patients with hyperparathyroid disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of the hemodynamic parameters of open and laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has gained widespread popularity for treating a variety of adrenal disorders including pheochromocytoma, but the effects of pneumoperitoneum on the hemodynamics of patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and tumor manipulation on the hemodynamic parameters in two groups of patients with sporadic pheochromocytomas less than 7 cm in size. Group 1 patients (n = 11) underwent lateral transabdominal laparoscopic adrenalectomy, and group 2 (n = 11) underwent adrenalectomy by the open anterior approach. The mean follow-up was 37 months in group 1 (range 26-51 months) and 52 months in group 2 (range 27-72 months). All patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy experienced intraoperative hypertension (blood pressure > or = 200/90 mmHg), as did 73% with the open approach, but the difference was not significantly different. Intraoperative hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 80 mmHg) occurred in four group 1 patients compared to six patients in group 2. Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were significantly higher in group 1 patients prior to tumor excision, but there was no difference in pulse, cardiac index, or left ventricle work index at any point during the procedure. There were no conversions or complications in the laparoscopic group; one patient in group 2 developed an incisional hernia. Although laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma is associated with a greater increase in mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, the creation of pneumoperitoneum does not significantly change the cardiac index or left ventricle work index. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum is well tolerated in patients with pheochromocytoma.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

Endoscopic endocrine neck surgery with carbon dioxide insufflation: the effect on intracranial pressure in a large animal model.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic endocrine neck surgery requires insufflation with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) at 10 to 15 mm Hg, which may decrease the cerebral venous return and increase intracranial pressure. This study evaluated the effect of CO(2) neck insufflation on intracranial pressure (ICP) and hemodynamic parameters. METHODS: Fifteen pigs underwent endoscopic thyroid dissection. Insufflation was performed with CO(2) at 0 (sham), 10, 15, and 20 mm Hg and with helium at 20 mm Hg with 3 pigs in each group. ICP, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output, and blood gas were measured at baseline, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. RESULTS: There were no differences in mean ICP between the sham group and CO(2) insufflation at 10 mm Hg. Mean ICP increased significantly with CO(2) at 15 and 20 mm Hg and with helium at 20 mm Hg. A significant increase in CVP occurred in pigs operated with CO(2) at 20 mm Hg. We observed jugular vein collapse under all insufflation pressures; however, pigs operated at 10 mm Hg were able to maintain an intermittent blood flow. CONCLUSIONS: A severe increase in ICP occurs with insufflation pressures higher than 15 mm Hg, possibly as a result of decreased cervical venous blood flow. Carbon dioxide insufflation up to 10 mm Hg does not alter ICP and is recommended for clinical application in endoscopic neck surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pheochromocytoma: inherited associations, bilaterality, and cortex preservation.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary pheochromocytoma (HP) is characterized by early onset, bilateral adrenal involvement, low malignancy rate, and genetic linkage with certain familial syndromes. This retrospective review is intended to show the high yield of surveillance, predictable bilaterality, and the challenge of cortex-sparing adrenalectomy. METHODS: From 1964 to 1999, 32 patients with HP were treated at a single institution and followed for a mean of 7 years. There were 15 cases of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A), 12 cases of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, 3 cases of von Recklinghausen's disease (VRD), and 2 cases of familial pheochromocytoma. Twenty-four of 32 patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy (9 metachronous). Subtotal resection with orthotopic cortex preservation was performed in 5 patients, and heterotopic autografting was performed in 14 patients. RESULTS: Pheochromocytoma was the first manifestation in 50% of patients with VHL disease and in 27% of patients with MEN 2A. Surveillance uncovered medullary thyroid cancer in 5 of 15 patients with MEN 2A and hemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinoma, and islet cell tumors in 7 of 15 patients with VHL disease and VRD. HP was bilateral in 24 of 32 patients (14/15 in patients with MEN 2A, 7/12 in patients with VHL disease, 2/3 in patients with VRD, and 1/2 in patients with familial pheochromocytoma). In 9 cases of metachronous adrenalectomy, the mean interval was 67 months (range, 9-156 months). Three of 5 patients who underwent orthotopic preservation of the adrenal cortex experienced recurrence compared with 0 of 14 patients with heterotopic autotransplantation of cortical tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Pheochromocytoma frequently heralds coexisting silent VHL disease or MEN-2, mandating surveillance for inherited associations. The long interval of metachronous pheochromocytoma argues against prophylactic removal of the contralateral "normal" adrenal gland. Total adrenalectomy and heterotopic autotransplantation of medulla-free cortex may diminish the need for lifelong steroid substitution and eliminates recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Unilateral neck exploration under local anesthesia: the approach of choice for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Conventional parathyroidectomy involves a bilateral neck exploration with the patient under general anesthesia with a thorough search for all parathyroid tissue. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of unilateral neck exploration under local anesthesia in patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (first-degree hyperparathyroidism). METHODS: Of 679 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for first-degree hyperparathyroidism from July 1989 to June 1997, 230 asymptomatic patients underwent unilateral neck exploration under local anesthesia. Selection criteria for this approach included the successful identification of a solitary parathyroid adenoma on preoperative imaging, no thyroid disease, and no family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia. Intact parathyroid hormone levels were monitored during the operation. RESULTS: Total serum calcium levels were normal in 220 patients (96%) 3 to 6 months after surgery. Ten patients (4%) experienced persistent hypercalcemia, 8 of whom had multiple gland disease and 2 of whom had false-positive imaging. Two of these patients underwent bilateral neck exploration under general anesthesia and were cured, although 8 patients remained asymptomatic and were followed up non-operatively. The mean operating time was 30 minutes (range, 12-65 minutes). There were two complications (0.87%) including one wound hematoma and one transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral neck exploration under local anesthesia is an efficacious and safe approach to the treatment of first-degree hyperparathyroidism and should be considered in all patients with asymptomatic disease.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1996

Hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis during pregnancy.

Although the simultaneous occurrence of hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis during pregnancy is rare, several points should be emphasized. Early recognition and treatment are essential. Pancreatitis should be kept in the differential diagnosis of unexplained nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain during pregnancy. Hyperparathyroidism should always be included in the differential diagnosis of pancreatitis. Finally, the second trimester is the optimal period for surgical intervention.

Adult↗