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W Doyle

Publications and source records attributed to W Doyle.

50 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Food intakes of children, the DHSS, and the prevention of heart disease.

The DHSS recently reported on school children's food intakes (1). Although the type of fat eaten is clearly an important issue, the DHSS study did not analyse the fat intake for its saturated and essential fatty acid content. We have explored the intakes of the children for fibre, sugar and saturated fats as well as additional vitamins and trace elements, not reported by the DHSS. The data from the DHSS survey was presented as a summary of the main food types eaten. They aggregated some food groups e.g. meat and meat products, fish and fish products, cakes and biscuits. While this approach might make little difference to protein intakes, it may be expected to make a difference to fat and essential fatty acid intakes. We have re-analyzed the childrens food intakes keeping within the confines of the food groups reported. We had to rely on certain assumptions about the nature of an 'average' diet; we therefore explored the possibility that our assumption of an average diet was incorrect and examined a worse and a better situation to define how much the nutrient intake varied. The result of the analyses illustrate an important principle in the context of the present concern for food and health. The only way in which we could satisfy NACNE and COMA recommendations for fat, saturated fat, fibre and sugar, without a radical change in eating habits, was by simply replacing half the 'junk' foods by an isocaloric amount of fresh fruit and vegetables. In addition there was a marked improvement in the intakes fo beta-carotene, vitamin C, B6 and folic acid. These improvements in diet are of particular importance to children as it is well known that the period most vulnerable to nutritional distortions is during growth and development. No matter which way we looked at the data is clear that not only are the school children's diets unsatisfactory from the view point of prevention of cardiovascular disease in later life but they also leave much to be desired from the view point of the wide range of nutrients known to be important for general health, growth and development. If this is true for the mean values obtained, it will be even more true for the 'high risk groups'.

Child↗
PubMed1987

A primate model for the evaluation of antihistamines.

Studies of the efficacy of antihistamines in treating human upper airway pathology are difficult to design and conduct. In part, this is the result of a lack of objective measures of the nasal response. The purpose of this study was to develop a monkey model for the objective evaluation of antihistamine effectiveness and, using this model, to study the efficacy of cetirizine. Computer-assisted active anterior rhinomanometry was used to assess nasal airway resistance (NAR) before and after a nasal histamine provocation in conscious rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). To establish dose-response relationships for oral antihistamines in monkeys, we measured the suppression of wheal-and-flare reactions by two such agents, oral cetirizine (CET) 0.1 to 1 mg/kg and chlorpheniramine (CHL) 0.07 to 0.2 mg/kg. The decreases in wheal sizes were maximal 60 to 120 minutes after CET 1.0 mg/kg (90%), and after CHL 0.2 mg/kg (70%). The four monkeys were challenged intranasally with increasing histamine doses (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg). The NAR was measured 15 minutes after each dose. At least three days later and 90 minutes after oral pretreatment with either CET 1 mg/kg or CHL 0.2 mg/kg, the intranasal challenges were repeated. Postchallenge NAR data are given as the percent increase from the baseline NAR values. The four monkeys studied had coefficients of variation of 13%, 15%, 16%, and 26% respectively for baseline studies. Mean percent increases in NAR +/- standard deviation were 14% +/- 0.4%, 47% +/- 10.0%, 45% +/- 3.0%, and 72% +/- 6.0% after intranasal challenge with 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mg of histamine, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

A nutritional analysis of food provided to Royal Naval personnel at sea.

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional content of the foods provided to, and the confectionary purchased by, personnel serving at sea in British warships. Data were collected from the stores accounts of six ships over a period of 32,354 man-victualling-days. Analysis was carried out at the Nuffield Laboratories of Comparative Medicine. The food from the ships' gallies provided mean daily intakes of 3750 kcal, of which 42 per cent were derived from fats (17 per cent from saturated fats) and 9 per cent from added sugars. In taking account of confectionary purchased from NAAFI sources the total energy intake was raised to 4200 kcal of which 40 per cent were derived from fats (15 per cent saturated fats) and 12 per cent from added sugars. The results do not compare favourably with the recommendations of the reports of expert committees.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

How to remove, process, and study the temporal bone with the entire eustachian tube and its accessory structures: a method for histopathological study.

A very important contribution to the study of otitis media, one of the diseases most often seen in pediatric patients, is the collection and study of temporal bone specimens which include the entire Eustachian tube. During the last few years, we have collected, processed, and studied more than 100 such specimens. Through these experiences, our technique has become so refined that we have some important suggestions to make to otologists who are interested in the histological study of otitis media as well as in the pathology of the Eustachian tube and its relation to middle ear abnormalities. This report describes the method we have found to be most successful for the study of Eustachian tube abnormalities and their relationship to middle ear effusion.

Eustachian Tube↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between maternal and infant nutrition. The special role of fat in energy transfer.

Conception does not take place unless there is a certain guaranteed energy reserve in the mother as fat stores. In the well nourished pregnant mother, energy reserves are built up in advance of the fetal growth thurst and part of these are transferred to the fetus to buffer the risks associated with birth and the perinatal period. A significant proportion of the maternal energy reserves act as a guarantee for lactation which imposes the highest dietary energy demand of the life cycle. Again, in the well nourished mother there will be a transfer of energy to the infant which will again buffer the weaning period when the infant changes from the energy dense milk to foods with low energy densities. Malnutrition and undernutrition is not simply the result of poor infant feeding or the events that occur at the time. It is more likely that the case of mortality and morbidity from malnutrition includes a failure during the reproductive process to provide the necessary reserves for fetal energy stores and for the perinatal and weaning periods. That is infant malnutrition stems from the relationship between maternal and infant nutrition. This analysis leads to the proposal that preventive measures need to include maternal nutrition and to increase the level of fat consumption. In developing countries the energy density of the carbohydrate rich diets may be too low to meet the energy demands for early growth and development. This problem will not be solved by simply supplying more of the same kind of food but may require an increase in the energy density of the food. One way by which this can be done is by increasing the fat intake which dramatically increases the energy intake without expanding the volume of food eaten.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Dietary survey during pregnancy in a low socio-economic group.

Maternal food intakes were assessed by 7-d weighed diet records during the three trimesters of pregnancy in 75 mothers in a low socio-economic groups. Mean (+/- s.e.) energy intakes in the first, second and third trimesters were 1613 +/- 45.7, 1723 +/- 45.4, 1772 +/- 50.2 kcal respectively. Mean (+/- s.e.) energy intakes of nine mothers with babies less than 2500 g at birth were 1446 +/- 95.1 kcal, compared with 1723 +/- 39.9, P less than 0.001. Intake of almost all nutrients was lower in mothers of babies less than 2500 g, but only the difference in fat (62.1 +/- 5.0 vs 72.6 +/- 1.75, P less than 0.025) and pyridoxine (0.92 +/- 0.06 vs 1.47 +/- 0.14, P less than 0.005) intakes reached statistical significance.

Adolescent↗