PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

W E Parish

Publications and source records attributed to W E Parish.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

High-fat diets and the immune response of C57Bl mice.

As a basis for studies of the influence of lipids on the immune response and health, adult C57Bl mice were fed for 10 weeks or longer on one of the following diets: high (200 g/kg) polyunsaturated fatty acid, high (200 g/kg) saturated fatty acid and low (50 g/kg) polyunsaturated fatty acid purified diets and a standard commercial diet. The three test-fat diets were compounded to have approximately the same energy content and the mice of each group maintained similar body-weights. High-fat diets significantly reduced their subsequent delayed hypersensitivity response to challenge after sensitization with tuberculin. Immunoglobulin IgM antibody formation against Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide was transiently decreased, but IgG antibody against sheep erythrocytes and killed salmonella vaccine, IgG and IgE antibodies against ovalbumin remained unaffected. Total and differential blood counts revealed no differences between mice on high-fat and control diets in either the absolute numbers or the proportions of the types of leukocytes. Studies on peritoneal macrophages from mice of each group showed no difference in morphology and they ingested non-toxic and toxic particles releasing similar amounts of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) and beta-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) for each substance, indicating that there were no differences in viability or phagocytic function. The present study shows that the C57 Bl mouse can provide a model for the investigation of some consequence of the reduced immunocompetence induced by high-fat diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Single parents: interaction of parenting and sexual issues.

This study was designed to investigate how children affect the sexual lives of their single parents. More specifically, this study investigated how being a single mother or father affects parenting roles, partner relationships, sexual guilt, and sexual satisfaction. Data were collected from a sample of 155 parents who were members of a single-parenting organization. The findings revealed a significant difference between single mothers and single fathers regarding attitudes toward their relationship with their children. Although fathers more often reported being content in their parent-child relationships, they also were less frequently involved in the custodial care of the children. One of the major problems reported by single parents, especially mothers, was the relationship interference they perceived emanating from former spouses, children, and children of current partners. In addition, single parents also experienced guilt over their involvement with a relationship partner when it took time away from their children. Although the majority of single parents were satisfied with their sexual lives, there was a significant association between parent-child relationship and perceived sexual satisfaction for women. An increased awareness of the parenting roles and sexual lives of single parents can better enable family professionals to meet the needs of single parents as they act and react to changes in families and society.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Ability of in vitro (corneal injury--eye organ--and chorioallantoic membrane) tests to represent histopathological features of acute eye inflammation.

The spontaneous removal of substances from the eye in vivo and histopathological responses to mild or moderate irritants were examined to define the main features that may be reflected in a valid in vitro test for irritant potential. Solutions or fine particulate suspensions applied to the rabbit eye are quickly removed from the central corneal surface by the blink reflex, gravity and drainage. The histological changes in the first 24 hours of mild-to-moderate irritation show some thinning of, but no severe irreversible damage to, the corneal epithelium. Other changes are oedema, congestion, some leucocyte infiltration and variable degeneration and desquamation of the conjunctival epithelium. In vitro cell-culture cytotoxicity tests are a useful screen for direct cytotoxic damage to epithelial cells but there are anomalies between the results of such tests and in vivo eye responses. Test systems using inhibition of DNA synthesis in cultured fibroblasts and histamine release from mast cells have shown poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo test results. The in vitro corneal injury (eye organ) test of Burton et al. (Fd Cosmet. Toxicol. 1981, 19,471) predicts very effectively the activity of moderate-to-severe irritants, and that of mild irritants when the contact time is modified or fluorescein or histology are used. This method demonstrates the response of a specialized tissue of the eye and facilitates the examination of powders, acids and alkalies, for which cell systems are not suitable. So far the chorioallantoic membrane of the egg has not been found to predict for pure chemicals the activities demonstrated in in vivo or in vitro tests on the eye; the main change seen in the egg membrane is necrosis, with little evidence of inflammation.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Relevance of in vitro tests to in vivo acute skin inflammation: potential in vitro applications of skin keratome slices, neutrophils, fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages.

In vitro tests on cells or keratome slices of skin may reproduce, or indirectly reflect, the first event in acute inflammation, the cytotoxic action of an irritant on epithelial/epidermal cells. Keratome slices of human or animal skin release enzymes, show histochemical changes and demonstrate increased or decreased utilization of isotope-labelled amino acids when exposed to chemicals, including surfactants, or bacterial toxins (Clostridium perfringens). The correlation with in vivo change is good for weak irritants and moderate to poor for strong irritants. Corrosive substances destroy the ability of the tissue to respond. Similar results have been obtained in tests on fibroblast cultures without or with an agar-keratin barrier. Neutrophils, or their separated granules, and mast cells have limited application in the prediction of chemical irritancy. The relevance and limitations of in vitro toxicological predictive tests are assessed in terms of the in vivo feature reflected by the in vitro test, the range of chemicals active in vitro compared to the in vivo responses, the ability to discriminate between intensities of reactions and the need for standards to compare results in different laboratories.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Asthma and urticaria induced by seminal plasma in a woman with IgE antibody and T-lymphocyte responsiveness to a seminal plasma antigen.

A patient with asthma urticaria and angioedema induced by allergy to seminal plasma was examined at intervals for 10 years. Before treatment her anaphylactic susceptibility to seminal plasma was manifested by very strong prick-test responses, IgE antibody to an allergenic fraction of seminal plasma determined by RAST, and by antigen-induced histamine release from her blood leucocytes. The skin test and in vitro lymphocyte tests indicated concomitant delayed hypersensitivity to the same allergen. The patient's lymphocytes treated with seminal plasma allergen fraction showed much increased incorporation of thymidine, and also synthesis of a product (NIF) that inhibited migration of neutrophils from a normal donor. The allergen fraction of seminal plasma had about five components in the range of 20 000-40 000 daltons molecular weight; the major fraction binding IgE appeared to be a glycoprotein. The patient was successfully desensitized by injections of her husband's seminal plasma. Desensitization was not associated with persistent amounts of antigen-specific IgG antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Eosinophilia VI, spontaneous synthesis of chemokinetics, chemotactic, complement receptor-inducing activities for eosinophils by bronchial t lymphocytes of asthmatic-bronchitic patients.

T lymphocytes were separated from the bronchial mucus of five patients with extrinsic asthma and chronic and mild bronchitis and who had numerous eosinophils in the bronchial mucus but no significant blood eosinophilia. The bronchial lymphocytes spontaneously, that is without treatment with antigens or mitogens, released into serum-free synthetic medium one or more substances in the molecular weight range of 30 000 to 60 000 daltons. These substances when tested on eosinophils of normal persons stimulated random movement (chemokinesis), attracted them (chemotaxis), enhanced their chemotactic response to activated complement, and increased the expression of C4 and C3b receptors. Chemokinetic and chemotactic activity for neutrophils was weak. No eosinophil-stimulating activity was found in cultures of bronchial lymphocytes treated with puromycin to inhibit synthesis. The blood lymphocytes did not spontaneously synthesize the substance(s). It is not known if the several eosinophil-stimulating activities are due to one or more substance(s), but the nature of the eosinophil responses, molecular weight and other features, indicate similarities with the 'eosinophil stimulation promoter-chemotactic' factor reported to be released from mouse or human lymphocytes treated with antigen. Eosinophil stimulation resulting in increased expression of specific receptors, and potential for non-specific adherence, by trapping or arresting randomly migrating cells, is believed to mediate accumulation of cells in an affected organ. Prolonged synthesis of such products as from activated lymphocytes in the lung, could account for much of the local eosinophilia.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Effect of different dietary lipids on the immune responses of Hartley strain guinea pigs.

A diet containing 20% by weight of fat rich in unsaturated fatty acids reduced the ability of guinea pigs to form antibody and the delayed hypersensitivity response in vivo against a single antigen. Reduced responses in vivo are manifested on first challenge only, subsequent antigenic challenges showed responses similar to those of animals fed a normal diet. However, cells from animals fed large amounts of unsaturated fats when cultured in vitro with antigen and sera of normal animals fed a low-fat diet did not show reduced delayed hypersensitivity (macrophage migration inhibition and lymphocyte transformation). The serum of animals fed high-fat diets greatly inhibited the response to mitogens and to antigen in vitro of lymphocytes from tuberculin-sensitized animals fed either low or high-fat diet. As serum from animals fed low-fat diets did not have this effect, it is postulated that the inhibitory activity is due to a lipid or lipoprotein derivative of unsaturated fatty acids. Animals fed high-fat diets remained healthy, and showed no disorder related to the fat and no susceptibility to infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Fibronectin distribution in epithelial and associated tissues of the rat.

Specific antiserum was used to investigate the distribution of the extracellular glycoprotein, fibronectin, in rat skin and tongue tissue by light and electron microscopy with immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. We conclude that fibronectin is absent from stable, differentiated parts of tissues, such as the sebaceous glands or the matrix, medulla, cortex, and cuticles of the hair and the inner and outer root sheaths, or even in tissues in which there is some cell movement, such as the epidermis. It is, however, characteristic of sites at which cell division is occurring in contact with an extracellular scaffolding, such as basement membrane or loose connective tissue. Conspicuous examples were in the glassy membrane and connective tissue sheath associated with the follicular epithelium, the basement membrane underlying vascular endothelial cells, the connective tissues surrounding and investing nerve and muscle fibre bundles, and the dermal connective tissue where fibronectin was often associated closely with collagen fibres. At the basement membrane of the dermal/epidermal junction, fibronectin occurred at the plasma membrane of the basal cells and in the lamina lucida area. There was no correlation with specific areas of cell-substrate adhesion, such as the hemidesmosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum of fibroblasts stained strongly suggesting that these cells represent a major site of synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Clinical correlations between long-term (IgE) and short-term (IgG S-TS) anaphylactic antibodies in atopic and 'non-atopic' subjects with respiratory allergic disease.

The sera of atopic and non-atopic persons with allergic pulmonary disorders were examined for long-term sensitizing, IgE and short-term sensitizing heat-stable (S-TS) antibodies which were present separately or together in the sera of some patients sensitive to antigens such as budgerigar serum proteins and Aspergillus funigatus. In fourteen atopic patients with extrinsic asthma, six had both types of antibody to common allergens, and of nine non-atopic patients with crytogenic (intrinsic) asthma, four had only heat-stable short-term sensitizing antibodies. The sera of atopic subjects with type I prick test reactions and positive RAST's, showed specific IgE antibody by baboon PCA tests to budgerigar serum proteins, A. funigatus, Timothy grass pollen extract and hen egg extract, and not to Dermatophagoides farinae, possibly because of naturally occurring mite antibodies in the baboon. The sera of non-atopic asthmatics, who had given negative prick test but positive immediate, dual or late intracutaneous tests, and only late asthmatic reactions, contained precipitins in most cases and gave little or no RAST reaction. On baboon PCA these sera contained either, S-TS antibody alone, or S-TS plus long-term sensitizing antibody, or long-term sensitizing antibody alone. Some of the sera with long-term sensitizing antibody contained blocking antibody which could diffuse away in the 24 hr delay for the baboon PCA test and could also be responsible for the negative RAST. Tests with insoluble anti-IgE immuno-adsorbents on two sera from persons sensitive to aspergillus confirmed that the S-TS activity was not due to IgE, and on two sera with negative RAST and negative prick tests to budgerigar serum antigens confirmed that the 24 hr monkey PCA responses were due to IgE.

Allergens↗
PubMed1979

Passive transfer in man and the monkey of Type I allergy due to heat labile and heat stable antibody to complex salts of platinum.

Passive transfer (P-K) tests have been performed in man and monkeys with sera from a group of six refinery workers sensitive to ammonium hexachloroplatinate and tetrachloroplatinite. Positive (P-K) prick test reactions were elicited in three human recipients and in the monkey to three of the test sera. The other three sera gave inconsistent results in man and negative results in monkeys and these differences appeared to correspond with the duration of exposure of the workers. The passive transfer tests did not correlate with the intensity of the prick test reactions in the donors or with the RAST; there was partial correlation with total levels of IgE. Antigen mediated histamine release from whole blood and washed leucocytes from two of the six subjects correlated with the RAST and P-K levels. These findings confirm the presence of specific IgE antibody to the platinum salts, and also of heat stable, short-term sensitising antibodies, presumably STS-IgG.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Specific IgE antibodies to platinum salts in sensitized workers.

A RAST has been developed for the measurement of IgE antibodies specific to platinum chloride complexes in sensitized workers. Human serum albumin covalently linked to Sepharose beads by the cyanogen bromide method was reacted with ammonium tetrachloroplatinite (II) (NH4)2PtCl4. This conjugate was more suitable for the RAST, than conjugates of HSA and the platinum salt prepared in solution and then linked to the activated Sepharose, showing better sensitivity and giving lower levels of non-specific uptake of IgE from sera of non-exposed subjects with high total levels of IgE, e.g. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillotics.

Antibody Specificity↗