The cognitive context of historical change: assimilation, accommodation, and the segmentation of competence.
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Cognition↗
Biomedical subjects
W Edelstein
Publications and source records attributed to W Edelstein.
Reasoning about responsibilities and obligations in close relationships: a comparison across two cultures.
The study compares sociomoral reasoning of children and adolescents in Iceland, longitudinally assessed at ages 7, 9, 12, and 15 years (N = 97), and in China, cross-sectionally assessed at corresponding ages (N = 350). Participants reasoned about choices, motives, and moral justifications of a protagonist in a sociomoral dilemma. The dilemma allows persons to focus on different concerns (e.g., promise keeping or close friendship vs. self-interest or altruism toward a 3rd person). Overall, Icelandic participants referred more often to self-interest and contractual concerns, whereas Chinese participants focused on altruistic and relationship concerns. However, some cultural differences remained stable over time, whereas others decreased. In adolescence, close friendship became an equally important value in both cultures. The results indicate a complex interaction of culture and development in sociomoral reasoning.
Adolescent↗
Childhood personality influences on social-cognitive development: a longitudinal study.
The relation of childhood personality to the development of friendship understanding and moral judgment in adolescence was considered in a longitudinal study. Personality at age 7, assessed with the California Child Q-Set, was characterized in terms of ego-resiliency and ego-control. IQ and social class were also measured. Friendship understanding was assessed when the participants were ages 7, 9, 12, 15, and 19, and moral judgment was elicited when the participants were 12, 15, and 19. Ego-resiliency was found to predict social-cognitive development in adolescence, even after the effects of IQ and childhood measures of social-cognitive development were controlled for. Analyses indicate that the effects of ego-resiliency on social-cognitive development are largely unmediated by the ability to focus attention or by social participation.
Adolescent↗
The relation of childhood personality types to adolescent behavior and development: a longitudinal study of Icelandic children.
The relation of childhood personality types, or configurations of personality traits, to adolescent development was examined. Three personality types were identified in an inverse factor analysis of California Child Q-Sort data on 128 Icelandic 7-year-olds: resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled. Growth curve analyses demonstrated that in comparison to children of the other 2 types, children of the resilient personality type had higher levels of academic achievement and lower levels of concentration problems throughout adolescence; resilient children also developed sophisticated friendship reasoning and an internal locus of control more quickly. Children of the overcontrolled type were found to be more prone to social withdrawal and low levels of self-esteem during adolescence than children of the other 2 types. In contrast to the other 2 types, children classified as undercontrolled showed an increase in aggressive behavior in adolescence. Implications of the findings for research on personality development are discussed.
Adolescent↗
Two-dimensional excitons in magnetic fields.
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Journal Article↗
Cerebral NMR: diagnostic evaluation of brain tumors by partial saturation technique with resistive NMR.
One hundred and forty patients with cerebral neoplasms were examined in a 0.12-Tesla prototype resistive NMR proton imaging device by partial saturation technique. NMR was superior to CT in tumor and edema localization and equal to CT in tumor and edema detection. NMR, however, was not able to clearly separate tumor from edema, a separation that contrast enhanced CT achieved.
Adolescent↗
Resistive NMR of intracranial hematomas.
Comparison between computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in 17 patients with intracranial hematomas indicates a distinct role for NMR in evaluating the stable patient with hematoma. NMR is useful for delineating the extent of the hematoma, the relationship of the hematoma to brain anatomy, and the presence of hematoma at a time when the hematoma is isodense on CT.
Adolescent↗
Temporomandibular joint: magnetic resonance imaging.
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the temporomandibular joint was performed in two subjects using a 1.5 T experimental imaging system equipped with a 6.5 cm surface coil antenna. Normal and pathologic anatomy were demonstrated with exquisite detail. Anterior displacement of the joint meniscus was clearly visible in the symptomatic subject, consistent with arthrographic confirmation.
Adult↗
NMR imaging of the chest at 0.12 T: initial clinical experience with a resistive magnet.
The chests of 40 subjects were imaged with an experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imager operating at a magnetic field of 0.12 T. There were six normal volunteers and 34 patients with abnormalities affecting different areas, including the chest wall, pleura, hila, mediastinum, and lung parenchyma, and including benign and malignant processes. In this initial clinical experience, NMR imaging provided useful information on the presence and extent of disease by its ability to distinguish different tissues and by the excellent demonstration of vascular structures.
Humans↗
NMR imaging of the abdomen at 0.12 T: initial clinical experience with a resistive magnet.
Forty-five patients with a variety of abdominal abnormalities and five normal volunteers were imaged on a 0.12 T resistive nuclear magnetic resonance system. Scans were obtained with saturation-recovery technique and short repetition times. The images reflected both proton density and T1 information. A variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease processes involving the abdomen were imaged. Results suggest that clinically useful images clearly may be obtained at 0.12 T. In addition, saturation-recovery imaging with short repetition rates can detect a wide range of abdominal abnormalities.
Abdomen↗
Cerebral NMR imaging: early results with a 0.12 T resistive system.
Over a 6-month period, 157 patients, 89 of whom had central nervous system tumors, were examined on a prototype 0.12 T resistive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging unit. All of the patients had computed tomography (CT), which was used as a standard to which the NMR findings were compared. Studies were done primarily by saturation-recovery technique with short repetition times. The signal intensity with saturation-recovery technique did not allow differentiation among most tumor types. Location, extent, and morphology helped to some extent in attempts at differentiation. In the multiplanar mode, NMR compared favorably to CT with regard to lesion detection. Limited early experience suggests that NMR also may detect some lesions when the CT is negative and may detect additional lesions when one or more are present. The NMR examination was well tolerated by selected patients.
Adolescent↗
Imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance and its bio-medical implications.
The distribution of proton spin concentration (water concentration) and the proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) can be imaged in a sample by placing it in a magnetic field gradient, applying appropriate radio-frequency (rf) pulses, and measuring the rf radiated from the sample. The Aberdeen machine is designed to image the human body in vivo at 400 gauss and 1.7 MHz. The spatial resolution predicted is about 1 cm for a 20% difference of T1. Measurements of T1 for small samples of tissue in vitro show a five-fold range of values for some soft tissues. Breast tumours and liver metastases have shown T1 values very different from the surrounding tissue. The method has the potential of perhaps imaging any pathology which changes water concentration, forms fluid pools or affects the binding of water to macromolecules. The potential hazards, which need more investigation, seem slight.
Animals↗
Full house or Pandora's box? The treatment of variability in post-Piagetian research.
This commentary focuses on the conceptual implications of analyses of individual differences in francophone post-Piagetian research. These analyses are viewed as preoccupied by the "American question" of measurement and method, instead of attempting a theoretical account of the issues raised by intraindividual and interindividual variability in development.
Child↗