The use of placebo controls.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to W F Denny.
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A questionnaire was sent to all internal medicine program directors who were members of the Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine to identify the scope of the problem of debilitating emotional impairment in internal medicine house staff for each of the five years 1979 through 1984; 63% of the questionnaires were returned. During these five years, 55.5% of internal medicine training programs granted leaves of absence to medical residents because of emotional impairment; an average of 0.9% of internal medicine house staff required leaves of absence, with the rate twice as common in female residents. Most impaired residents recovered and apparently did well, for 79% continued in medicine. However, 10% completely dropped out of medicine and 2% had a successful suicide; an additional 3% attempted suicide unsuccessfully.
Patients with abnormalities due to bronchogenic carcinoma, noted on chest films, have decreased peripheral blood lymphocytes and increased total white cells compared to patients with benign lesions. Precision studies of 40 patients revealed that a low percentage of lymphocytes averaged over a three-week period distinguished bronchogenic carcinoma patients from patients with benign lesions with 95 percent overall accuracy. Lesions as small as 1.0 cm were correctly predicted to be malignant. Mean 8 AM plasma cortisol levels were elevated in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and there was a negative correlation of 8 AM plasma cortisol levels with precentage of lymphocytes. Increased levels of endogenous cortisol may account for lymphocytopenia in bronchogenic carcinoma patients.
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In this study we employed the concept of the outcome audit to assess the "benefit" (in contrast to the number of positive readings) derived from 81 bone, 45 brain, and 47 liver scans, performed on 59 bronchogenic carcinoma patients. Benefit was rigorously defined and based on any outcome instrumental in the subsequent management of the patient. Clinically indicated scans were frequently found to be of benefit, while those without indications were not (88.0% vs. 12.5%). Negative scans were as useful as positive scans if clinically indicated (14.0% vs. 9.6%). Histology did not influence the likelihood of benefit. We conclude that scans obtained to evaluate a clinical abnormality are likely to be useful whether positive or negative while scans ordered without specific clinical indications are unlikely to be of management benefit.
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