PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

W H Chapman

Publications and source records attributed to W H Chapman.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: histologic clearance with combined 5-FU chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Preliminary results of a bladder-preservation study.

Fourteen patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were treated with 4,000 cGy of pelvic irradiation concurrent with two 96-hour infusions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Three weeks after completion of this regimen, patients underwent repeat cystoscopy and deep-muscle biopsy at the site of their original neoplasms. Eight of 14 (57%) had no tumor left in the biopsy specimen, and they received an additional course of chemotherapy and radiation therapy to a total dose of 4,400 cGy to the pelvis and 6,000 cGy to the bladder. Five of the 14 had residual tumor in the biopsy specimen (one did not undergo biopsy) and went on to planned cystectomy. Two of the five had no tumor in the cystectomy specimen. Overall, ten of the 14 patients (71%) have been downstaged to a condition of P0 (no tumor) following 4,000 cGy and two courses of 5-FU. Of eight patients with retained bladders, seven remain well at a median follow-up of 7 months. At a range of follow-up of 3-21 months and a median of 7 months, 13 of 14 patients remain tumor-free. This regimen results in a greater percentage of downstaging than conventional irradiation alone, and may allow bladder preservation for those with radiation therapy- and chemotherapy-responsive tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Residual urine volumes in patients with spinal cord injury: measurement with a portable ultrasound instrument.

Spinal cord injured (SCI) patients are often placed on an intermittent catheterization (IC) program during their initial rehabilitation in an effort to establish a catheter-free state. A noninvasive method to quantitatively determine residual urine volumes would decrease unnecessary catheterizations and be useful in the management of an IC program. This study was undertaken to determine if bladder volumes could be accurately determined in a group of SCI patients using a portable ultrasound scanner. Fifteen SCI patients underwent a total of 224 ultrasonic bladder volume determinations and 57 urethral catheterizations. Immediately prior to catheterization, two investigators alternately performed a total of four ultrasound readings on each patient using a hand-held portable instrument, the BVI 2000. The first ultrasound volume determination was comparable to the average ultrasound volume (r2 = 0.956). For catheterized volumes versus the initial ultrasound volume determination, r2 = 0.80. The average error was 18% for catheterized volumes within the range 50-700ml. Our results compare favorably with both real-time scanning using standard equipment and other portable instruments. The noninvasive nature, negligible risks, and reasonable estimates of volume warrant consideration of portable ultrasound scanning for the determination of bladder volumes in SCI patients.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1987

Tumor cell implantation following neodymium-YAG bladder injury: a comparison to electrocautery injury.

Recent clinical experience using the neodymium-YAG laser for the ablation of superficial bladder carcinoma seems to indicate a decreased local and second-site recurrence rate when compared to standard electrosurgical methods. Altered tumor cell implantation has been suggested as a mechanism explaining this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of laser ablation and standard electrosurgical resection on tumor implantation. Each of three requisite steps in tumor cell implantation was assayed in an animal model system. The number of viable tumor cells liberated during ablation of a standardized lesion was 620% greater in the electrosurgically resected group compared to the laser irradiated group. No difference was observed in the qualitative or quantitative patterns of cellular adherence to a fulguration bladder injury compared to a laser bladder injury. The number of cells adhering to an injury site was shown to increase as a function of the cell concentration to which it was exposed. There was no difference between groups in occurrence of tumor at the injury site following exposure to an equal number of tumor cells. This study has demonstrated marked differences between electroresection and laser ablation in terms of the number of viable cells released during the course of tumor removal. This data, together with the absence of injury site differences, suggests it may play a role in the clinically observed differences in tumor recurrence rates.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Sexually transmitted diseases and carcinogenesis.

Issues related to the development of cancer of the urogenital system in men and women and the possible role played by agents of sexually transmitted diseases are discussed. Research evidence supporting the role of specific viral agents in the etiology of cancer of the uterine cervix, penis, testis, prostate, and urinary bladder is presented. Also included is a discussion of the current speculations about the role played by agents of sexually transmitted diseases in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1982

Monoclonal antibodies to two mouse bladder carcinoma antigens.

Carcinomas of the urinary bladder of mice were induced by 3-methyl-cholanthrene or fanft [(4-5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thioazolyl formamide]. On transplantation in vivo, tumor lines consisting of well-differentiated transitional-cell carcinomas were established. Some tumors were also explanted in vitro. A rat was immunized with a pool of carcinomas and normal bladder tissue and its spleen cells were hybridized with NS-l mouse myeloma cells. Supernatants of hybrid cells ("hybridomas") were screened for antibody binding to antigens present in bladder carcinomas but not in normal syngeneic urinary bladder, with cell extracts as targets. Hybridomas that appeared to have the required specificity were cloned, tested further against transitional-cell bladder carcinomas, an anaplastic bladder tumor, rhabdomyosarcomas, a mammary carcinoma, myelomas and lymphomas, and normal adult urinary bladder, kidney, lung, spleen, heart, brain, thymus, and whole embryo. Antibody formed by one hybridoma, 2H5, gave significant binding to membranes from five of seven transitional-cell carcinomas but not to membranes from many other tissues. A second hybridoma, IE6, formed antibody to an antigen present in bladder carcinomas and normal liver and, in smaller amounts, in several other normal and neoplastic tissues. Fluorescence microscopy established that both antigens were present at the cell surface of transitional-cell bladder carcinomas. Immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to identify the target antigens from 125I-labelled cell membrane proteins. The antibody formed by 2H5 was found to identify a protein with a molecular weight in the range of 140 kilodaltons, which was detected in transitional-cell bladder. The molecular nature of the antigen defined by hybridoma IE6 is not known.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Management of ileal conduit stomal obstruction: a urodynamic study.

Urodynamic perfusion studies have shown that edema or incrustation and ulceration may produce stomal obstruction in patients with ileal conduits. High emptying pressures may be present before there is any increase in the residual or conduit capacity, or before upper tract deterioration has occurred. Nine patients with early stomal obstruction were treated medically with acidification of the urine in the collecting bag and were compared to 6 patients who had stomal obstruction owing to irreversible changes and who were treated by surgical revision. In both groups emptying pressure returned to normal after treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Stomal obstruction of ileal conduits in children: a urodynamic study.

In an attempt to diagnose stomal obstruction before radiological evidence is present, urodynamic perfusion studies were done on 40 children with ileal conduit diversion. Residual urine, capacity, resting pressure and mean emptying pressure were recorded after perfusion of the conduit with normal saline at 10 ml. per minute. Emptying pressure appeared to be the most sensitive parameter of obstruction. Residual urine may be normal in early obstruction and may be increased in the presence of normal emptying pressures in atonic conduits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Bladder function in children with meningomyelocele: comparison of cine-fluoroscopy and urodynamics.

We have assessed 60 children on an outpatient basis with cine-fluoroscopy combined with urodynamics. Bladder and rectal pressure together with sphincter electromyography were measured during bladder filling under fluoroscopy, which was followed by measurement of rectal pressure and sphincter electromyography during voiding under fluoroscopy. Comparison of the x-ray studies and urodynamics showed that the cystogram alone was not a reliable indicator of ray studies and urodynamics showed that the cystogram along was not a reliable indicator of detrusor function. The sphincter electromyogram during voiding must be interpreted in the face of intra-abdominal pressure changes owing to straining or Credé's maneuver. Residual urine estimations and the appearance of the bladder outflow on fluoroscopy were better parameters of outflow obstruction than sphincter electromyography.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Severe prostatic calcification after radiation therapy for cancer.

Severe symptomatic prostatic calcification was seen in 3 patients who had carcinoma of the prostate treated initially with transurethral resection, followed in 2 to 4 weeks by definitive radiation therapy. This complication is probably preventable if an interval of 6 weeks is allowed between transurethral resection of the prostate and radiation therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Long-term transplantability and morphological stability of three experimentally induced urinary bladder carcinomas in rats.

Three transitional cell carcinomas induced in Fischer 344 rats by a methylcholanthrene pellet or a foreign body inserted locally into the bladder have been serially transplanted in the syngeneic strain for up to 6.5 years. There have been no changes in the individual morphological characteristics of the tumors during this time. Cells cultured in vitro for varying numbers of passages reproduce regularly the morphology of each tumor when they are injected back into the animals and results from a microcytotoxicity assay for cellular immunity indicate that they retain a common, bladder tumor-specific antigen. These tumors are useful for research in turmo biology and are offered to other scientists seeking transplantable carcinomas for experimentation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Myelodysplasia. Problems of long-term survival and social function.

Problems of ninety-eight patients with myelodysplasia, ages 13 to 72, were reviewed. They were grouped as follows: Those having thoracic and high lumbar level (L(2) upward arrow) lesions and confined to wheel chairs, those with intermediate paralysis (L(3-5) nerve roots) as walking with aids and those with less paralysis (S(1) downward arrow) as fully ambulatory. Fifty-two percent of the L(2) upward arrow and only 15 percent of of the less severely paralyzed patients were retarded below an IQ level 70 (P<0.01). Thirty-six patients (62 percent) were fully and 26 partially, but appropriately, self-sufficient. Thirty-six patients were found in some form of dependent care. Two of the 71 more paralyzed patients (L(3-5) and L(2) upward arrow) and five of the 28 S(1) downward arrow patients were "naturally continent" but reported stress incontinence of urine. Thirteen of 23 female and five of 28 male patients between ages 16 and 72 years reported sexual activity and accounted for 17 normal offspring. All 23 retarded patients were in some form of custodial care. Dependency among the normal intellect patients could be attributed to neglect of physically deforming complications and emotional disorders, primarily low self-esteem centering around social and sexual identity problems associated with excrement soiling.

Adolescent↗