Biomedical subjects

W H Wu

Publications and source records attributed to W H Wu.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women.

BACKGROUND: Vegetarians are generally deficient in long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids have a beneficial effect on plasma lipid levels, and some studies showed that they had breast cancer suppression effect. One of the biomarkers of breast cancer risk is the ratio of urinary 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE(1)) to 16alpha-hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE(1)). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism and oxidative stress in vegetarians. DESIGN: Single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty-seven postmenopausal vegetarian women were recruited. After a 2-week run-in period with 6 g placebo corn oil, the subjects were subsequently randomized to receive either 6 g corn oil (n=13) or 6 g DHA-rich algae oil (2.14 g of DHA/day) (n=14) for 6 weeks. Two subjects in corn oil group withdrew before completion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma lipids, urinary 2-OHE(1) and 16alpha-OHE(1), urinary F(2)-isoprostanes and plasma alpha-tocopherol. RESULTS: Plasma LDL-DHA and EPA level increased significantly by DHA supplementation. DHA decreased plasma cholesterol (C) levels (P=0.04), but did not influence the levels of plasma TG, LDL-C and HDL-C, alpha-tocopherol, urinary F(2)-isoprostanes, 2-OHE(1), 16alpha-OHE(1) and ratio of 2-OHE(1) to 16alpha-OHE(1) as compared to corn oil. CONCLUSION: DHA supplementation at a dose of 2.14 g/day for 42 days decreases plasma cholesterol but neither does it show beneficial effects on estrogen metabolism, nor does it induce deleterious effects on the observed in vivo antioxidant or oxidative stress marker in postmenopausal vegetarian women. SPONSORSHIP: A grant (# DOH89-TD-1062) from Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed2004

Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPP), I: Terminology, clinical presentation, and prevalence.

Pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain has puzzled medicine for a long time. The present systematic review focuses on terminology, clinical presentation, and prevalence. Numerous terms are used, as if they indicated one and the same entity. We propose "pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPP)", and "pregnancy-related low back pain (PLBP)", present evidence that the two add up to "lumbopelvic pain", and show that they are distinct entities (although underlying mechanisms may be similar). Average pain intensity during pregnancy is 50 mm on a visual analogue scale; postpartum, pain is less. During pregnancy, serious pain occurs in about 25%, and severe disability in about 8% of patients. After pregnancy, problems are serious in about 7%. The mechanisms behind disabilities remain unclear, and constitute an important research priority. Changes in muscle activity, unusual perceptions of the leg when moving it, and altered motor coordination were observed but remain poorly understood. Published prevalence for PPP and/or PLBP varies widely. Quantitative analysis was used to explain the differences. Overall, about 45% of all pregnant women and 25% of all women postpartum suffer from PPP and/or PLBP. These values decrease by about 20% if one excludes mild complaints. Strenuous work, previous low back pain, and previous PPP and/or PLBP are risk factors, and the inclusion/exclusion of high-risk subgroups influences prevalence. Of all patients, about one-half have PPP, one-third PLBP, and one-sixth both conditions combined. Overall, the literature reveals that PPP deserves serious attention from the clinical and research communities, at all times and in all countries.

Female↗

PubMed2003

Study on fluoride emission from soils at high temperature related to brick-making process.

Characteristics of fluoride emission from 12 soils at temperatures of 400-1,100 degrees C related to the brick-making process were studied. The results obtained in this study indicate that fluoride emission as gaseous HF and SiF4 was related to the firing temperature, soil total fluoride content, soil composition and calcium compounds added to soils. Soils began to release fluoride at temperatures between 500 and 700 degrees C. Marked increases of the average fluoride mission rate from 57.2% to 85.4% of soil total fluoride were noticed as the heating temperature was increased from 700 to 1,100 degrees C. It was found that the major proportion (over 50%) of the soil total fluoride was emitted from soils at approximate 800 degrees C. The amount of fluoride released into the atmosphere when heated depended on the total fluoride contents in the soils. Correlation analysis showed that the soil composition, such as cation exchange capacity, exchangeable calcium and CaCO3, had some influence on fluoride emission below 900 degrees C, but had no influence at temperatures above 900 degrees C. Addition of four calcium compounds (CaO, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, and CaSO4) at 1.5% by weight raised the temperature at which fluoride began to be released to 700 degrees C. The greatest decrease in fluoride emission among the four calcium compound treatments was found with CaCO3.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2001

A 10-kDa structural protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus encoded by ORF2b.

The major structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are derived from ORFs 5, 6, and 7. Western blots of sucrose gradient-purified virions and PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells, probed with immune pig serum, showed the presence of an additional 10-kDa protein. Nucleotide sequence analysis of North American PRRSV isolate SDSU-23983 revealed a small ORF within ORF2, named ORF2b, which, when translated, produced a 73-amino-acid nonglycosylated protein. Recombinant 2b protein expressed by a baculovirus clone, AcVR2, comigrated with the 10-kDa virus-associated protein. The loss of 10-kDa protein immunoreactivity after absorption of immune sera with lysates from AcVR2-infected insect cells demonstrated that the 2b and 10-kDa proteins are immunologically similar. Immunoblots were also used for the detection of anti-2b activity in serum samples from experimentally infected adult pigs. Antibodies against PRRSV were apparent by 14 days postinfection, followed by anti-2b activity and serum neutralizing activity. The putative ORF2b start codon is only 6 nucleotides downstream of the adenine of the ORF2a start codon. The expression of ORF2a and 2b as enhanced green fluorescent fusion proteins showed that both proteins were translated; however, the ORF2b was preferentially expressed. These results suggest that the 2b protein is virion associated and the principal product of ORF2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Congenital prepubic sinus: a variant of dorsal urethral duplication suggested by immunohistochemical analysis.

PURPOSE: Congenital prepubic sinus is a rare disorder of uncertain etiology. Immunohistochemical staining is used to elucidate the etiology of the sinus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We treated 5 patients with congenital prepubic sinus. A sinogram delineated the tract, which was then excised. In addition to routine hematoxylin and eosin stain of the 5 specimens, immunohistochemical analysis was also performed with smooth muscle and sarcomeric actin, high (34betaE12) and low molecular weight cytokeratin (35betaH11), and cytokeratin 7 antibodies. RESULTS: The 2 females and 3 males were 1 month to 14 years old. All patients had presented with purulent discharge from the sinus opening. Hematoxylin and eosin stain demonstrated transitional and squamous epithelium lining the sinus. Immunohistochemical study showed that the stain with 3 cytokeratin antibodies was moderately to strongly positive in all patients at the proximal end, low molecular weight cytokeratin weakly to moderately positive and cytokeratin 7 weakly positive to negative in 4 at the distal end. The results suggested that the lining epithelium was transitional proximally and squamous distally. An exception was a female patient who had the shortest tract lined with squamous epithelium only. Furthermore, smooth muscle but not sarcomeric actin demonstrated smooth muscle bundles around the sinus tract in 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of transitional epithelium in the proximal part of the sinus and presence of smooth muscle bundles around it reinforce the theory that congenital prepubic sinus is a variant form of dorsal urethral duplication.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Clinical and radiographic results of cementless AML total hip arthroplasty in young patients.

A retrospective study was undertaken of the radiographic and clinical results and complications of 52 cementless (AML) total hip arthroplasties in 52 patients with a mean age of 48.3 years. The follow-up ranged from 9 to 12 years with a mean of 10.5 years. Of the patients, 88% had good or excellent results. Forty-two patients (81%) complained of anterior thigh pain at 3 months after surgery when weight bearing was allowed. The pain continued for a mean period of 4.3 months. In 4 patients (8%), this pain persisted after the first postoperative year. Calcar resorption was seen in 21 patients (40%), and 16 patients (31%) showed clinically insignificant heterotopic ossification. Four patients required revisions: 1 for acetabular loosening, 1 for persistent thigh pain, and 2 for massive osteolysis of the proximal femur. There were no dislocations, infections, thromboembolic events, or neurologic injuries.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Association study of the 5-HT(6) receptor polymorphism (C267T) and symptomatology and antidepressant response in major depressive disorders.

The serotonergic neurotransmitter system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Of the 14 human serotonin (5-HT) receptors, the 5-HT(6) receptor may be a candidate for the study of MDD because of its relative abundance in certain limbic areas and its high affinity to several antidepressants. The present study tested the hypothesis that a 5-HT(6) genetic polymorphism (C267T) is associated with the clinical manifestations of, and/or antidepressant response in, MDD. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to assess 57 MDD patients before antidepressant treatment, with 34 patients completing the 4-week treatment and evaluation. The results of the association study provide that the 5-HT(6) C267T genetic variant does not play a major role in producing the clinical manifestations or antidepressant response for MDD patients. Further study with a functional 5-HT(6) polymorphism is needed to explore the role of 5-HT(6) in the pathogenesis of MDD.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

In vitro Arabidopsis pollen germination and characterization of the inward potassium currents in Arabidopsis pollen grain protoplasts.

The focus of this study is to investigate the regulatory role of K(+) influx in Arabidopsis pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Using agar-containing media, in vitro methods for Arabidopsis pollen germination have been successfully established for the first time. The pollen germination percentage was nearly 75% and the average pollen tube length reached 135 microm after a 6 h incubation. A decrease in external K(+) concentration from 1 mM to 35 microM resulted in 30% inhibition of pollen germination and 40% inhibition of pollen tube growth. An increase in external K(+) concentration from 1 mM to 30 mM stimulated pollen tube growth but inhibited pollen germination. To study how K(+) influx is associated with pollen germination and tube growth, regulation of the inward K(+) channels in the pollen plasma membrane was investigated by conducting patch-clamp whole-cell recording with pollen protoplasts. K(+) currents were first identified in Arabidopsis pollen protoplasts. The inward K(+) currents were insensitive to changes in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) but were inhibited by a high concentration of external Ca(2+). A decrease of external Ca(2+) concentration from 10 mM (control) to 1 mM had no significant effect on the inward K(+) currents, while an increase of external Ca(2+) concentration from 10 mM to 50 mM inhibited the inward K(+) currents by 46%. Changes in external pH significantly affected the magnitude, conductance, voltage-independent maximal conductance, and activation kinetics of the inward K(+) currents. The physiological importance of potassium influx mediated by the inward K(+)-channels during Arabidopsis pollen germination and tube growth is discussed.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed2000

LDL of Taiwanese vegetarians are less oxidizable than those of omnivores.

The vegetarians in Taiwan consume diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. To investigate whether this dietary pattern results in high susceptibility of LDL to oxidation, 109 long-term (8 +/- 5 y) male and female vegans and lactovegetarians (ages 31-45 y) from Taipei and females from Hualien and matched omnivores were recruited to have 24-h-recall dietary assessments and blood lipid analysis. Body mass index and blood pressure were significantly lower in all vegetarian groups than in the matched omnivore groups (P < 0.05). Vegetarians consumed less energy except in the males and less protein, fat and cholesterol (P < 0.05). The mean polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio of 2.4 in vegetarian diet was about two times that in omnivore diet (P < 0. 001). The concentrations of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) but not HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) and resulting HDL-C/LDL-C ratio was 38, 46 and 30% higher (P < 0.01) in Taipei female, male and Hualien female vegetarians, respectively, than in the matched omnivores. Plasma triglyceride concentration was significantly lower only in the Hualien women vegetarians (31%, P < 0.001) than in the matched omnivores. The lag time of conjugated diene formation in LDL oxidized in vitro induced by copper was longer in Taipei female (62%, P < 0.001), male (29%, P < 0.05) and Hualien female (38%, P < 0.01), and the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in LDL after 2-4 h of oxidation was 22-32% less (P < 0.005) in Taipei male and Hualien female vegetarians than the matched omnivores. Lag time of LDL oxidation was negatively related to LDL arachidonic (r = -0.55, P = 0.0003) and eicosapentaenoic (r = -0.47, P = 0.003) acid contents. LDL-TBARS production was negatively related to LDL linoleic acid content (r = -0.36, P = 0.023), but positively related to LDL arachidonic (r = 0.56, P = 0.0002) and eicosapentaenoic (r = 0.45, P = 0.004) acids. No significant differences were found in dietary vitamins C and E intakes and plasma LDL alpha-tocopherol concentrations between vegetarians and omnivores. Our results suggest that vegetarian diets decrease the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation despite their higher dietary P/S ratio.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Circadian variations in plasma neutral and basic amino acid concentrations in young men on an ordinary Taiwanese diet.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Plasma levels of circulating free amino acids reflect the net status of protein breakdown and synthesis, and may be linked to various disease states. We studied circadian variations in plasma concentrations of neutral and basic amino acids during a 24-hour period in healthy young men who consumed ordinary Taiwanese test meals. METHODS: Ten subjects ingested the test diet (protein intake, 1.5 g.kg-1.d-1) which was offered in three meals and two light snacks during the day. Thirteen heparinized blood samples were collected from each subject to analyze plasma amino acid concentrations during the experimental period, at 1- to 3-hour intervals. RESULTS: The plasma concentrations of all neutral amino acids, including the large neutral amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine) and methionine, as well as the small neutral amino acids (glycine, serine, threonine, and proline) and the basic amino acids (histidine, arginine, lysine), varied significantly as a function of the time of day (p < 0.001). Except for glycine and proline, all of the neutral amino acids exhibited a marked evening elevation after dinner, with the highest plasma concentration at 23:00. Proline showed peak concentrations at 09:00, while glycine and the basic amino acids exhibited peak concentrations at 21:00. Most of the plasma amino acids exhibited the lowest concentrations at 12:00. CONCLUSION: Plasma neutral and basic amino acid concentrations exhibited significant circadian variations. The present study also provided the mean fasting plasma levels of amino acids in healthy young men consuming an ordinary Taiwanese diet.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Transcription: Common cofactors and cooperative recruitment.

Mammalian counterparts of the yeast SRB/MED transcriptional 'mediator' complex have recently been identified. These complexes define a common cofactor requirement for diverse transcriptional activators and underscore the conserved nature of the transcriptional machinery among eukaryotic organisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

The chromatin-specific transcription elongation factor FACT comprises human SPT16 and SSRP1 proteins.

The regulation of gene expression depends critically upon chromatin structure. Transcription of protein-coding genes can be reconstituted on naked DNA with only the general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. This minimal system cannot transcribe DNA packaged into chromatin, indicating that accessory factors may facilitate access to DNA. Two classes of accessory factor, ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling enzymes and histone acetyltransferases, facilitate transcription initiation from chromatin templates. FACT (for facilitates chromatin transcription) is a chromatin-specific elongation factor required for transcription of chromatin templates in vitro. Here we show that FACT comprises a new human homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spt16/Cdc68 protein and the high-mobility group-1-like protein structure-specific recognition protein-1. Yeast SPT16/CDC68 is an essential gene that has been implicated in transcription and cell-cycle regulation. Consistent with our biochemical analysis of FACT, we provide evidence that Spt16/Cdc68 is involved in transcript elongation in vivo. Moreover, FACT specifically interacts with nucleosomes and histone H2A/H2B dimers, indicating that it may work by promoting nucleosome disassembly upon transcription. In support of this model, we show that FACT activity is abrogated by covalently crosslinking nucleosomal histones.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

An activation-specific role for transcription factor TFIIB in vivo.

A yeast mutant was isolated encoding a single amino acid substitution [serine-53 --> proline (S53P)] in transcription factor TFIIB that impairs activation of the PHO5 gene in response to phosphate starvation. This effect is activation-specific because S53P did not affect the uninduced level of PHO5 expression, yet is not specific to PHO5 because Adr1-mediated activation of the ADH2 gene also was impaired by S53P. Pho4, the principal activator of PHO5, directly interacted with TFIIB in vitro, and this interaction was impaired by the S53P replacement. Furthermore, Pho4 induced a conformational change in TFIIB, detected by enhanced sensitivity to V8 protease. The S53P replacement also impaired activation of a lexA(op)-lacZ reporter by a LexA fusion protein to the activation domain of Adr1, thereby indicating that the transcriptional effect on ADH2 expression is specific to the activation function of Adr1. These results define an activation-specific role for TFIIB in vivo and suggest that certain activators induce a conformational change in TFIIB as part of their mechanism of transcriptional stimulation.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1999

Mutational analysis of yeast TFIIB. A functional relationship between Ssu72 and Sub1/Tsp1 defined by allele-specific interactions with TFIIB.

TFIIB is an essential component of the RNA polymerase II core transcriptional machinery. Previous studies have defined TFIIB domains required for interaction with other transcription factors and for basal transcription in vitro. In the study reported here we investigated the TFIIB structural requirements for transcription initiation in vivo. A library of sua7 mutations encoding altered forms of yeast TFIIB was generated by error-prone polymerase chain reaction and screened for conditional growth defects. Twenty-two single amino acid replacements in TFIIB were defined and characterized. These replacements are distributed throughout the protein and occur primarily at phylogenetically conserved positions. Most replacements have little or no effect on the steady-state protein levels, implying that each affects TFIIB function rather than synthesis or stability. In contrast to the initial sua7 mutants, all replacements, with one exception, have no effect on start site selection, indicating that specific TFIIB structural defects affect transcriptional accuracy. This collection of sua7 alleles, including the initial sua7 alleles, was used to investigate the allele specificity of interactions between ssu72 and sub1, both of which were initially identified as either suppressors (SUB1 2mu) or enhancers (sub1Delta, ssu72-1) of sua7 mutations. We show that the interactions of ssu72-1 and sub1Delta with sua7 are allele specific; that the allele specificities of ssu72 and sub1 overlap; and that each of the sua7 alleles that interacts with ssu72 and sub1 affects the accuracy of transcription start site selection. These results demonstrate functional interactions among TFIIB, Ssu72, and Sub1 and suggest that these interactions play a role in the mechanism of start site selection by RNA polymerase II.

DNA-Binding Proteins↗

PubMed1999

Identification and characterization of the inward K+ channel in the plasma membrane of Brassica pollen protoplasts.

Patch clamp techniques have been used to identify and characterize the whole-cell currents carried by inward K+ channels in isolated matured pollen protoplasts of Brassica chinensis var. chinensis. The whole-cell inward currents in the isolated pollen protoplasts were activated at hyperpolarized membrane potentials more negative than -100 mV. The magnitudes of the whole-cell inward currents were strongly dependent on the external K+ concentration, and were highly selective for K+ over other monovalent cations. The inward currents were not observed when external K+ was replaced with the same concentration of Cs+ or Na+. The addition of 1 mM or 10 mM Ba2+ in external solutions resulted in 30% or 80% inhibition of the inward currents at -180 mV, respectively. These results demonstrated that the inward K+ currents mainly account for the recorded whole-cell inward currents in Brassica pollen protoplasts. Increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations from 10 nM to 30 microM or even 5 mM did not affect the inward K+ currents. Decrease of external Ca2+ concentrations from 10 mM to 1 mM inhibited the inward K+ currents by 25%, while the increase of external Ca2+ from 10 mM to 50 mM almost completely blocked the inward K+ currents. Physiological importance of K+ transport into pollen and its possible regulatory mechanisms are also discussed.

Brassica↗

PubMed1999

Inhibitory effect of ondansetron on glycine response of dissociated rat hippocampal neurons.

We examined the effect of ondansetron, an antagonist of type 3 serotonin receptors, on the whole cell response of freshly isolated hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons of neonatal and "mature" rats to glycine using the gramicidin perforated patch technique. Ondansetron depressed the current induced by subsaturating concentrations of glycine (IGly) in a concentration-dependent manner. The ondansetron concentration needed to depress IGly induced by 30 microM glycine to half amplitude was 25 microM. Ondansetron (54 microM) shifted the glycine concentration-response curve to the right in a parallel manner, increasing the EC50 for glycine from 40 +/- 3 microM to 70 +/- 5 microM. Ondansetron increased the time constant of activation of IGly without affecting the time constant of deactivation. When examined under current clamp conditions, glycine induced depolarization and hyperpolarization in neonatal and mature neurons, respectively; ondansetron also suppressed these responses to glycine. The data suggest that ondansetron competitively inhibits the glycine receptor.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of qigong on late-stage complex regional pain syndrome.

CONTEXT: Despite the growing popularity of qigong in the West, few well-controlled studies using a sham master to assess the clinical efficacy of qigong have been conducted. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of qigong on treatment-resistant patients with late-stage complex regional pain syndrome type I. DESIGN: Block-random placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Pain Management Center at New Jersey Medical School. PATIENTS: 26 adult patients (aged 18 to 65 years) with complex regional pain syndrome type I. INTERVENTIONS: The experimental group received qi emission and qigong instruction (including home exercise) by a qigong master. The control group received a similar set of instructions by a sham master. The experimental protocol included 6 forty-minute qigong sessions over 3 weeks, with reevaluation at 6 and 10 weeks. Assessment included comprehensive medical history, physical exam, psychological evaluation, necessary diagnostic testing. Symptom Check List 90, and the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Thermography, swelling, discoloration, muscle wasting, range of motion, pain intensity rating, medication usage, behavior assessment (activity level and domestic disability), frequency of pain awakening, mood assessment, and anxiety assessment. RESULTS: 22 subjects completed the protocol. Among the genuine qigong group, 82% reported less pain by the end of the first training session compared to 45% of control patients. By the last training session, 91% of qigong patients reported analgesia compared to 36% of control patients. Anxiety was reduced in both groups over time, but the reduction was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Using a credible placebo to control for nonspecific treatment effects, qigong training was found to result in transient pain reduction and long-term anxiety reduction. The positive findings were not related to preexperimental differences between groups in hypnotizability. Future studies of qigong should control for possible confounding influences and perhaps use clinical disorders more responsive to psychological intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Hypotension does not alter the antinociceptive effect of nifedipine.

We explored the relationship between antinociceptive and hypotensive effects of nifedipine (NIF) injected intraperitoneally ( ip, 15 mg/kg) and epidurally (epi, 20 microM), as compared to verapamil (VER, 10 mg/kg ip) and nitroglycerin (NTG, 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg ip). The systolic blood pressure (BP) and tail-flick (TF) latencies were measured simultaneously every 10 min for 2 hours and individual values of both measurements were correlated. The highest antinociceptive as well as hypotensive effects were both measured in the group receiving NIF epi., with the correlation coefficient r2=0.2878. Injected ip., NIF revealed similar antinociceptive effect, whereas the other studied drugs were not effective. As to the degree of hypotensive activity, NIF epi was followed by VER, NTG 0.1, NIF ip. and NTG 0.15. No significant correlation was found between BP and TF latencies in any group receiving the drugs. We concluded that the antinociceptive response, measured by the tail-flick technique, is independent of the hypotensive activity of the studied drugs, including NIF.

Analgesics↗