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Biomedical subjects

W J Chen

Publications and source records attributed to W J Chen.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

[High level expression of human atrial natriuretic peptide in fusion form in E. coli system].

OBJECTIVE: To construct recombinant plasmid with human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) gene in fusion form for stable and high level expression of genetic engineering product ANP in E. coli system. METHODS: Plasmids with ANP fusion gene were constructed by PCR and sub-cloning and fusion protein was expressed in E. coli system. High level expression of the fusion genes was enhanced by linking operons in tandem. ANP was released from the fusion protein with thrombin treatment and purified by chromatography. Genetic-engineered ANP was evaluated with the drug production requirement, and produced ANP was tested for its effects of lowering blood pressure and diuresis in vivo and vasodilation in vitro. RESULTS: A series of 4 plasmid pCW111-114, containing 1 to 4 gene operons respectively, were constructed, and the yields of fusion protein were 46%, 54.8%, 56.1% and 60.1% of total cell protein. Fusion protein in the form of inclusion body was isolated and purified, and then treated with thrombin to release ANP. After purification using chromatography columns, at least 3 mg/L culture of ANP with the purity higher than 96% was produced in shaking flask. Primary pharmacological evaluation showed the produced ANP had the effects of blood pressure lowering in vivo and diuresis in vivo and vasodilation in vitro, which was similar to the activity of standard ANP. CONCLUSIONS: By the protocol of fusion gene cloning and expression, the human ANP was produced successfully in E. coli system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Correlation of total VEGF mRNA and protein expression with histologic type, tumor angiogenesis, patient survival and timing of relapse in non-small-cell lung cancer.

We have quantified the expression of all 4 isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a new kinetic quantitative PCR method, real-time quantitative (RTQ) RT-PCR, and investigated the association between VEGF expression at the mRNA and protein levels and the clinicopathologic variables, tumor angiogenesis, patient survival and timing of relapse. Surgical tumor specimens from 72 NCSLC patients (37 squamous-cell carcinomas, 35 adenocarcinomas) were examined. Twenty-eight patients had stage I, 10 stage II and 34 stage IIIA or IIIB disease. Total VEGF mRNA (all 4 isoforms) was quantified by RTQ RT-PCR, while VEGF protein expression and microvessel number in tumors were assessed immunohistochemically. VEGF mRNA was detected in all 72 tumor samples at significantly higher levels than in adjacent normal tissue. Tumoral VEGF mRNA levels correlated strongly with the VEGF protein staining score and microvessel count. Adenocarcinomas showed significantly higher VEGF mRNA expression and a higher protein staining score than squamous-cell carcinomas. High tumoral VEGF mRNA expression was associated with advanced (IIIA or IIIB) tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, high tumoral microvessel counts, short patient survival (<24 months) and early relapse (<12 months), while a high VEGF protein staining score was associated with high tumoral microvessel counts, short patient survival and early relapse. Patients with high tumoral levels of both VEGF mRNA and protein had significantly shorter survival and earlier relapse. In multivariate analysis, the VEGF protein staining score and nodal status were the most important independent predictors of survival and recurrence. We conclude that RTQ RT-PCR is a sensitive method for detecting and quantifying VEGF mRNA expression in NSCLC and that the expression levels of total VEGF mRNA and protein in NSCLC are strongly associated with histologic type, tumor angiogenesis, survival and timing of relapse. High VEGF expression in adenocarcinomas may contribute to their greater metastatic potential.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Molecular characterization of myocardial fibrosis during hypothyroidism: evidence for negative regulation of the pro-alpha1(I) collagen gene expression by thyroid hormone receptor.

The purpose of this study was to gain insights into the underlying mechanism of myocardial fibrosis during hypothyroidism. Treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with a medium lacking thyroid hormone led to a 47% increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation into the cell nuclei compared with that in untreated cells. Northern blot analysis of RNA from cardiac fibroblasts grown in a thyroid hormone depleted medium resulted in a 38% increase in the abundance of mRNA for pro-alpha1(I) collagen. At the protein level, the amount of type I collagen, as determined by immunoprecipitation, was increased either in the cell lysate (46%) of cardiac fibroblasts grown in a thyroid hormone depleted medium or in the medium (44%). The chimeric plasmid, ColCAT 3.6, contains the 5'-flanking region of the rat pro-alphal(I) collagen gene (from bases -3520 to +115) fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. The plasmid was cotransfected with thyroid hormone receptor (TR) expression plasmid into rat cardiac fibroblasts and COS-l cells (monkey mesangial cells). Cells transfected with the ColCAT plasmid in the presence of thyroid hormone (100 nM T(3)) had a significant decrease (39% in fibroblasts, P<0.01; 52% in COS-1 cells, P<0.001) in CAT activity when compared to cells not exposed to thyroid hormone. Transient co-transfection of TR with various pro-alphal(I) collagen/CAT deletion constructs showed that T(3)-dependent repression was preserved with the deletion from 3520 bp of the flanking sequence to a 5' end point at position -224, indicating that a thyroid hormone-response element (TRE) was localized at the region -224 to +115. The TR-DNA binding assays demonstrated binding of the human TRbeta1 to a fragment containing a proposed TRE located between position -35 and +115 in the 5'-flanking region of the rat pro-alphal(I) collagen gene.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of peritonitis compared with the clinical impression of the surgeon.

HYPOTHESIS: Peritonitis is a well-known indication for surgery, but its preoperative cause usually is not established. We hypothesize that abdominal ultrasonography is superior to the clinical impression of the surgeon in detecting the cause of peritonitis. DESIGN: A prospective case series. SETTING: A major university hospital in Taiwan, Republic of China. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred two patients with a diagnosis of peritonitis admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, were included in this study. All 102 patients underwent an abdominal ultrasonographic examination; and the ultrasonographic findings of these patients were classified into 2 categories: positive findings and normal screening results. The accuracy of clinical impression in detecting the cause of peritonitis was compared with the accuracy of abdominal ultrasonography. RESULTS: Ultrasonography and clinical impression accurately diagnosed the peritonitis in 85 (83.3%) and 52 (51.0%) of the patients, respectively. The difference between ultrasonography and clinical impression in the diagnosis of peritonitis was significant (P<.001). Among 45 patients without a preoperative clinical diagnosis, a diagnosis was made by ultrasonography for 32 (71%) of them. There were a total of 98 patients with positive ultrasonographic findings, and 4 patients had normal screening results. Of the 98 patients with positive ultrasonographic findings undergoing surgery, all had abdominal pathological characteristics. The 4 patients with normal screening results received nonoperative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography is a more sensitive technique than clinical judgment in diagnosing peritonitis. Ultrasonography may be a useful diagnosing modality in patients with peritonitis in whom the clinical cause is unclear.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2000

Sustained attention deficits as markers of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia.

This article reviews recent evidence regarding the potential of the visual sustained attention deficits as measured by the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) as an endophenotype of the genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. Findings in community subjects indicate that sustained attention develops during the primary school ages, reaches its maximum around early adolescence, and declines with age after adulthood. The assertion that CPT performance deficits, and especially on the more difficult versions, are reliable and valid genetic susceptibility indicators of schizophrenia is supported by the following results: 1) CPT deficits are present in schizophrenic patients, are particularly associated with negative and disorganized symptoms, and deficits on the more difficult CPT versions are not amenable to neuroleptic treatment; 2) subjects with schizotypal personality features also exhibit CPT deficits, which are specifically associated with the negative factor of schizotypy; 3) a substantial proportion of nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients (19-34%) have CPT deficits, which can also be predicted from their probands' CPT performance. Thus, using a CPT deficits as an endophenotype of schizophrenia would not only provide a valuable measure of genetic risk, but would also greatly enhance our understanding of etiology, and may help identify susceptibility genes for schizophrenia.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2000

Expression, purification, and characterization of the human receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) extracellular domain.

Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a type II transmembrane protein found on osteoblasts which functions as a major determinant of osteoclast differentiation and activation. RANKL mediates bone homeostasis through binding to the cognate ligand on osteoclasts, RANK, and a soluble decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). We designed a construct encoding the extracellular domain of human RANKL that conformed to reports of native processing. To encourage folding and posttranslational modification of a normally membrane-inserted moiety, we expressed the RANKL truncate as a secreted protein using the signal sequence from OPG in a Trichoplusia ni cell line using a baculovirus expression vector. RANKL was purified by a three-step process including an OPG-Fc affinity column. SDS-PAGE and mass spectral analysis indicated that the protein was >99% pure and glycosylated. Circular dichroism spectra revealed that the protein exhibited structural elements similar to tumor necrosis factor-alpha. By BIAcore analysis, RANKL bound to OPG with an affinity of 6.7 nM. Sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation analyses established that our protein existed as a trimer. We conclude that our expressed human RANKL truncate is folded, is functional, and exhibits self-association consistent with other family members.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Anterior reconstructive spinal surgery with Zielke instrumentation for metastatic malignancies of the spine.

From March 1984 to April 1996, 60 consecutive patients with spinal metastasis underwent palliative surgery by anterior corpectomy and Zielke instrumentation. Their ages ranged from 21 to 76 years (mean 54 years). Thirty-two patients had metastasis to the thoracic spine, 20 to the lumbar spine, and 8 had both thoracic and lumbar metastases. The primary malignancies were lung cancer in 12 patients, colorectal cancer in 10, hepatoma in 9, thyroid cancer in 7, breast cancer in 3, and cancers of the stomach, kidney, nasopharynx, long bones, skin, and cervix in 1 patient each. A primary carcinoma was never identified in 13 patients. In the present series, 4 patients died within 1 month, and 56 patients were followed-up. All maintained spinal stability postoperatively. Forty of 52 patients with severe pain obtained significant symptomatic relief for 3 months or more, and 33 of the 46 paralyzed patients gained neural improvement. Sphincter dysfunction became better in 10 patients, and none became worse. We conclude that anterior corpectomy to decompress neural encroachment with instrumental reconstruction to stabilize the collapsed spine is a good adjunctive treatment in these highly selected patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Free radical scavenging activity of fullerenol on the ischemia-reperfusion intestine in dogs.

Fullerenol, a water-soluble C(60)-fullerene derivative, has been demonstrated to have the capability to scavenge free radicals in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether fullerenol can scavenge the free radicals that are massively induced during ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the small intestine, either preventively or therapeutically. Clamping the superior mesenteric artery and vein for 60 minutes to induce I/R injury was performed on male mongrel dogs. Thirty dogs were divided into three groups (10 in each): The control (C) group received no medication; the preventive (P) group received fullerenol (1 mg/kg) intravenously 30 minutes before ischemia; the therapeutic (T) group received the same dose of fullerenol immediately after reperfusion. This study was an experimental randomized trial. Intestinal segments were obtained 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes after reperfusion; and blood samples and specimens of major organs were taken 60 minutes after reperfusion. Concentrations of lipid peroxidation products, including conjugated diene (CD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the level of glutathione (GSH) in intestinal tissue were determined. Serum indicators of liver and renal function were measured. Histologic examination of the small intestine and major organs were also performed. A significant increase in intestinal MDA and CD contents was detected at 30 and 60 minutes after reperfusion. The tissue GSH content, in contrast, was decreased 60 minutes after reperfusion. Administration of fullerenol diminished these changes both preventively and therapeutically. Liver and renal functions were within normal limits in all groups. Moreover no obvious histopathologic additional damage could be found in either the P or the T group. It is suggested that fullerenol can be considered a powerful scavenger for the free radicals induced by I/R injury of the small intestine.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed2000

Reappraisal of the role of the bilioenteric conduit in the pathogenesis of postoperative cholangitis.

The incidence of postoperative cholangitis has changed very little despite progressive improvement in the treatment of biliary atresia. The role of the bilioenteric conduit in its pathogenesis is still uncertain. A retrospective study of 39 patients undergoing either a conventional Kasai operation (group 1, n = 20) or with placement of an antireflux valve (group 2, n = 10) or lengthening (group 3, n = 9) of the jejunal conduit from 40 to 60 cm was performed to compare the incidence of cholangitis. Postoperative cholangitis developed in 18 of the 39 patients (46%). The incidence was 10/20 (50%) in group 1, 5/10 (50%) in group 2, and 3/9 (33%) in group 3 (P = 0.679). An animal experiment was conducted concomitantly to compare quantitative bacterial cultures of the bilioenteric anastomosis and the liver before and 1 week after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HPJ) in piglets without (group A, 25 cm) and with (group B, 50 cm) lengthening of the jejunal conduit in a porcine model of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The growth of bacteria in both the bilioenteric anastomosis and the liver was not affected by lengthening the jejunal conduit from 25 to 50 cm (P = 0.612 and 0. 057, respectively), despite a geometric increase in bacterial concentrations in both groups after HPJ. It is concluded that neither bacterial growth in the liver nor cholangitis following bile-duct reconstruction was affected by valving or lengthening the bilioenteric conduit.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Destructive spondyloarthropathy mimicking spondylitis in long-term hemodialysis patients.

A 63-year-old man with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who had been undergoing hemodialysis for 18 years suffered persistent neck pain, progressive quadriparesis, and a deteriorating ataxic gait during the 6 months before admission. A sudden onset of aggravating quadriparesis and an inability to ambulate occurred during his trip to Sydney, Australia, 1 week before this admission. Vertebral tuberculosis osteomyelitis of the C5/6 segment was considered and treated in a hospital there. Findings from cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images) were diagnostic of destructive spondyloarthropathy (DSA) and distinguishable from spinal osteomyelitis preoperatively. Amyloid masses, mainly composed of B-2 microglobulin, filled in disc and paradiscal ligaments, with adjacent end-plate destruction by cytokine-mediated reactive inflammation, and appeared to be mostly related to the pathogenesis of DSA. The cervical spine, especially C5/6, is the most common site of DSA. Spinal instability and neurologic compression cause the clinical symptoms and signs. Adequate decompression and successful cervical fusion ensure the best therapeutic results.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed2000

Tibial shaft malunion treated with reamed intramedullary nailing: a revised technique.

Thirty-seven consecutive adult tibial shaft malunions which had not undergone surgical treatment were prospectively treated with reamed intramedullary nailing. Indications for this treatment modality included a malunion of a tibial shaft which had only been conservatively treated, lesion level fitting for traditional or locked reamed intramedullary nail fixation, less than 2 cm shortening, and without evidence of deep infection at present. The malunions were treated with fibulotomy, closed wedge tibial osteotomy, open reaming of the marrow cavity, stable reamed intramedullary nail stabilization with or without supplementation, and cancellous bone grafting. Thirty-four (92%) patients were followed up for at least 1 year (range 1.0-4.3 years), and all achieved a solid union. The union period was 5.8+/-0.8 months. Complications included 2 (6%) patients with deep infection and 1 (3%) with cortical perforation. However, all 3 patients recovered completely after adequate management. In conclusion, a reamed intramedullary nail is an ideal instrument for tibial shaft malunions in indicated cases. Good exposure of the bony segments to ream the marrow cavity precisely can avoid cortical perforation. Gentle dissection of the soft tissues may lower the infection rate. Concomitant cancellous bone grafting can improve the union rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Reactive pulmonary artery vasoconstriction in pulmonary consolidation evaluated by color Doppler ultrasonography.

A total of 122 patients with pulmonary consolidation on chest radiographs underwent color Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate hemodynamic change in regional pulmonary artery in pulmonary consolidation due to various causes. The diseases underlying pulmonary consolidation included 66 simple pneumonia, 37 obstructive pneumonia, 13 tumor consolidation and 6 pulmonary infarctions. Blood flow signals in consolidation were detected by color-flow mapping. The degree of reactive vasoconstriction was evaluated from analysis of the spectral waveform of the blood flow in the segmental pulmonary artery by several vessel resistance-indicating Doppler ultrasound (US) indices, including pulsativity index (PI), resistive index (RI), and acceleration time (AT). The results showed that reactive vasoconstriction was most marked in obstructive pneumonia, followed by simple pneumonia, and least in tumor consolidation (p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test and p < 0.001, Dunn's test for comparison of PI, RI and AT values between different groups of pulmonary consolidation). No flow was detected in pulmonary infarction. We conclude that color Doppler US is a useful tool for evaluating reactive vasoconstriction in pulmonary consolidation. The different degrees of reactive vasoconstriction may be helpful in exploring the possible etiology of pulmonary consolidation.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2000

Effects of atypical neuroleptics on sustained attention deficits in schizophrenia: a trial of risperidone versus haloperidol.

To help determine whether sustained attention deficits as measured with the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) are stable vulnerability indicators of schizophrenia, we compared the CPT performance of schizophrenic patients before and after treatment with risperidone or haloperidol. In this double blind trial, 56 schizophrenic patients were randomly assigned to a 12-week regimen of either risperidone or haloperidol, after a 1-week washout period. The patients undertook two sessions of the CPT (undegraded and 25% degraded) twice, one at the end of the washout period and the other at the end of the study. Thirty-eight patients completed the study, 19 in each group. Both groups experienced significant improvements in clinical symptoms, and the risperidone group showed no change in the severity of extrapyramidal symptoms. Despite those improvements, the CPT performance indexes did not change significantly from the beginning to the end of the study. These findings indicate that sustained attention deficits might be stable vulnerability indicators of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of parenteral infusion with fish-oil or safflower-oil emulsion on hepatic lipids, plasma amino acids, and inflammatory mediators in septic rats.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of preinfusion with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) using fish-oil (FO) versus safflower-oil (SO) emulsion as fat sources on hepatic lipids, plasma amino-acid profiles, and inflammatory-related mediators in septic rats. Normal rats, with internal jugular catheters, were assigned to two different groups and received TPN. TPN provided 300 kcal. kg(-1). d(-1), with 40% of the non-protein energy as fat. All TPN solutions were isonitrogenous and identical in nutrient composition except for the fat emulsion, which was made of SO or FO. After receiving TPN for 6 d, each group of rats was further divided into control and sepsis subgroups. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture; control rats received sham operation. All rats were classified into four groups as follows: FO control group (FOC; n = 7), FO sepsis group (FOS; n = 8), SO control group (SOC; n = 8), and SO sepsis group (SOS; n = 9). The results of the study demonstrated that plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acids did not differ between the FO and SO groups, regardless of whether the animals were septic. SOS had significantly higher total lipids and cholesterol content in the liver than did the SOC group. The FOS group, however, showed no difference from the FOC group. Plasma leucine and isoleucine levels were significantly lower in the SOS group than in the SOC group, whereas no difference in these two amino acids was observed between the FOC and FOS groups. Plasma arginine levels were significantly lower in both septic groups than in the groups without sepsis when either FO or SO was infused. Plasma glutamine levels, however, did not differ across groups. No differences in interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or leukotriene B(4) concentrations in peritoneal lavage fluid were observed between the two septic groups. These results suggest that catabolic reaction in septic rats preinfused with FO is not as obvious as those preinfused with SO. Compared with SO emulsion, TPN with FO emulsion prevents liver fat accumulation associated with sepsis. However, parenterally administered FO had no beneficial effect in lowering cytokines and LTB(4) levels in peritoneal lavage fluid in septic rats induced by cecal ligation and puncture.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

Quantification of VEGF mRNA expression in non-small cell lung cancer using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay and a comparison with quantitative competitive reverse transcription-PCR.

A reliable quantitative method for measuring gene product expression is important in investigating the relationship between growth factors and tumor biological behavior. In this study, we quantified the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in 104 paired samples of lung cancer tissue and the surrounding nontumorous lung tissue using a new kinetic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, ie, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RTQ RT-PCR). The samples consisted of 46 squamous cell carcinomas, 50 adenocarcinomas, and 8 undifferentiated cell carcinomas. In 17 cases, the results obtained were compared with those obtained using quantitative competitive RT-PCR (QC RT-PCR). Using RTQ RT-PCR, VEGF mRNA expression was detected and quantified in all 104 (100%) lung cancer samples and their normal counterparts. VEGF mRNA expression in the lung cancer tissue was significantly higher than in the normal counterparts (95% CI: 0.575 approximately 1.727, p < 0.001; paired t test). In 68 (65.4%) cases, VEGF mRNA expression was higher in the cancer tissue than normal tissue. VEGF mRNA expression was higher in nonsquamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.02), and higher in tumor with hilar or mediastinal lymph node metastasis (p = 0.024). QC RT-PCR was able to detect and quantify VEGF mRNA expression in 15/17 (88%) lung cancer samples and 12/17 (70.6%) normal tissue samples. The values for VEGF mRNA expression were higher in the tumor in 13 (76%) cases. Comparison of the values of the VEGF mRNA expression quantified using RTQ RT-PCR or QC RT-PCR showed a good correlation between results obtained using these two methods, both in cancer tissue (r = 0.68, p = 0.0025) and normal counterpart (r = 0.53, p = 0.027). Agreement between the results for the relative expression of VEGF mRNA expression in cancer and normal tissue obtained using these two methods was seen in 14/16 cases (88%). We conclude that RTQ RT-PCR is as accurate as QC RT-PCR and is more sensitive than QC RT-PCR in detecting and quantifying VEGF mRNA expression in lung cancer and normal tissues, and both methods reveal that the VEGF mRNA expression is higher in lung cancer tissue than in healthy lung tissue.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Water-soluble Hexasulfobutyl[60]fullerene inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation in aqueous and lipophilic phases.

Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Increasing the resistance of LDL to oxidation may therefore mitigate, or even prevent, atherosclerosis. A new water-soluble C60 derivative, hexasulfobutyl[60]fullerene [C60 - (CH2CH2CH2CH2-SO3Na)6; FC4S], consisting of 6 sulfobutyl moieties covalently bound onto the C60 cage is a potent free radical scavenger. This study explored the antioxidative effect of sulfobutylated fullerene derivatives (FC4S) on LDL oxidation. FC4S was found to be effective in protecting LDL against oxidation induced by either Cu2+ or azo peroxyl radicals generated initially in the aqueous or lipophilic phase, respectively. Levels of the oxidative products, conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and the relative electrophoresis mobility of the LDL were decreased. The addition of 20 microM FC4S at the early stage of oxidation increased the kinetic lag time from 69 +/- 11 to 14 +/- 10 min (P < 0.05) and decreased the propagation rate from 17.1 +/- 2.6 to 6.3 +/- 1.0 mOD/min (P < 0. 005). Persistent suppression of peroxidation reaction was observed upon further addition of FC4S after full consumption of all endogenous antioxidants during the propagation period. Intravenous injection of hypercholesterolemic rabbits with FC4S (1 mg/kg/day) efficiently decreased atheroma formation. Data substantiate the use of FC4S as an excellent hydrophilic antioxidant in protecting atheroma formation, via removing free radicals, in either aqueous or lipophilic phase.

Animals↗