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Biomedical subjects

W J Dodds

Publications and source records attributed to W J Dodds.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Association of canine hypothyroidism with a common major histocompatibility complex DLA class II allele.

Dogs exhibit a range of immune-mediated conditions including a lymphocytic thyroiditis which has many similarities to Hashimoto's thyroiditis in man. We have recently reported an association in Doberman Pinschers between canine hypothyroidism and a rare DLA class II haplotype that contains the DLA-DQA1*00101 allele. We now report a further series of 173 hypothyroid dogs in a range of breeds where a significant association with DLA-DQA1*00101 is shown.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Clinical use of serum parvovirus and distemper virus antibody titers for determining revaccination strategies in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether serum canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) antibody titers can be used to determine revaccination protocols in healthy dogs. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 1,441 dogs between 6 weeks and 17 years old. PROCEDURE: CPV and CDV antibody titers in serum samples submitted to a commercial diagnostic laboratory were measured by use of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. On the basis of parallel measurements of CPV and CDV serum antibody titers in 61 paired serum samples determined by use of hemagglutination inhibition and serum neutralization methods, respectively, we considered titers > or = 1:5 (IFA test) indicative of an adequate antibody response. RESULTS: Age, breed, and sex were not significantly associated with adequate CPV- or CDV-specific antibody responses. Of 1,441 dogs, 1,370 (95.1%) had adequate and 71 (4.9%) had inadequate antibody responses to CPV, whereas 1,346 of 1,379 (97.6%) dogs had adequate and 33 (2.4%) had inadequate responses to CDV. Vaccination histories were available for 468 dogs (468 for CPV, 457 for CDV). Interval between last vaccination and antibody measurement was 1 to 2 years for the majority (281/468; 60.0%) of dogs and 2 to 7 years for 142 of 468 (30.3%) dogs. Interval was < 1 year in only 45 of 468 (9.6%) dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The high prevalence of adequate antibody responses (CPV, 95.1%; CDV, 97.6%) in this large population of dogs suggests that annual revaccination against CPV and CDV may not be necessary.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Correlation of electrical and contractile activities of the cricopharyngeus muscle in the cat.

We correlated the electrical and contractile activities of the cricopharyngeus (CP) to better understand the function of the CP and the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). In 40 decerebrate cats, we recorded resting and active tension of the CP and CP force and electromyographic (EMG) activity simultaneously during electrical stimulation of the pharyngoesophageal (PE) nerve, esophageal distension, or swallowing. In six intact cats, the change in diameter of the UES during food swallows was determined in two planes using videofluoroscopy. We found that resting tension of the CP developed quickly with stretch, and the strain-energy function, y = 6.5e3.4(z-1), fit (r = 0.94 +/- 0.06) this relationship. Active tension peaked at 1.68 +/- 0.03 times resting length, which is greater than the maximum distension during swallowing. Activation and relaxation of the CP occurred in approximately 50 and 120 ms, respectively. PE nerve stimulation bilaterally caused a force equal to approximately 90% of the summed force generated by separate stimulation of each PE nerve. The magnitude of the EMG response of the contralateral CP was approximately 18% of the ipsilateral response to unilateral PE nerve stimulation. We conclude that the CP exhibits tension throughout its physiological range of stretch. The CP functions more like a bilateral than a single contiguous muscle, and more like cardiac than striated muscle with regard to its passive elastic properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency) in a family of German shepherd dogs.

Three male German Shepherd Dog pups were treated for vaccination-induced hematomas. Coagulation tests in 2 of these pups revealed markedly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times, whereas specific coagulation factor tests revealed severe deficiency of factor IX activity. Investigation of the pedigree supported a sex-linked pattern of inheritance and a distant relationship to a pup found to have hemophilia B 7 years earlier. Dogs in the pedigree had variable manifestations of bleeding, including hematomas, deep muscle bleeding, profuse bloody diarrhea, and sudden neonatal deaths. von Willebrand's disease was concurrently detected in several dogs in the pedigree, and may have contributed to the bleeding tendency in some dogs. Medical management of 2 of the 3 pups included transfusion of fresh whole blood, canine fresh-frozen plasma, and canine plasma cryosupernatant, as indicated, and cage rest. Two pups were euthanatized because of the severity of recurrent bleeding episodes. A third dog remains alive, but requires periodic infusions of blood product to maintain hemostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Factor XI deficiency in Kerry Blue Terriers.

A 9-year-old female Kerry Blue Terrier with postoperative hemorrhage and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin and activated clotting times was determined to have factor XI deficiency. Transfusions of fresh-frozen plasma given on 4 consecutive days transiently returned the values for activated clotting time and plasma factor XI activity to within reference range limits and controlled the hemorrhage. Analysis of data from 10 other factor XI-deficient Kerry Blue Terriers with a tendency for mild posttraumatic or postoperative bleeding was suggestive of an autosomal mode of inheritance, with a mild tendency for posttraumatic or postoperative bleeding in homozygous and heterozygous dogs. Factor XI deficiency is the only contact phase protein defect that causes a bleeding disorder in animals, which can be explained by the fact that thrombin is more efficient than factor XIIa in activating factor XI. Factor XIa plays a key role in sustaining coagulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Analyses of normal and abnormal esophageal transport using computer simulations.

Mathematical modeling and computer simulations are combined with concurrent manometric and videofluoroscopic data to analyze the contractile behavior of the esophageal wall during normal and abnormal esophageal bolus transport. The study focuses on axial variations in intraluminal pressure in relationship to deformations of the esophageal wall during the transport process. Four case studies of esophageal bolus transport described by Kahrilas et al. (Gastroenterology 94: 73-80, 1988), one normal and three abnormal, are analyzed in detail by capturing the major elements of both the videofluoroscopic and concurrent manometric data in the mathematical model. In all cases a strong correlation between the deformations of the luminal wall and the axial variations of intraluminal pressure is observed. Simulation of normal bolus transport shows that, whereas only gentle variations in intrabolus pressure occur in the main body of the bolus due to weak frictional forces there, large frictional forces force a rapid rise in pressure near the bolus tail induced by circular muscle squeeze. Of particular interest is the analysis of incomplete clearance of bolus fluid in the aortic arch region. The only physically correct model consistent both with the videofluoroscopic and the manometric data implies the existence of two separate contraction waves, one above and one below the transition zone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Characterization and quantification of a pharyngo-UES contractile reflex in cats.

We characterized and quantified a reflex from the pharyngeal mucosa to the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). Seventeen cats were decerebrated, and the pharynx was exposed by opening the cricothyroid ligament. UES motor activity was assessed by recording electromyographic (EMG) activity from the pharyngeal constrictors, i.e., the thyropharyngeus (TP) and cricopharyngeus (CP). The pharyngeal mucosa was stimulated by touch or pressure. Both stimuli activated contraction of the CP primarily when applied to the naso-, laryngo-, or hypopharynx, but pressure was more effective. The anteromedial portion of the hypopharynx was the most sensitive zone, but there was no strong stimulus-response relationship. The reflex response to a 1-s stimulus occurred at a delay of 0.46 +/- 0.06 s and lasted 4.5 +/- 0.5 s. This pharyngo-UES reflex was blocked by anesthesia of the mucosa or transection of the glossopharyngeal or pharyngoesophageal nerves but not the vagus nerves. In contrast, the esophago-UES contractile reflex was not blocked by anesthesia of the pharyngeal mucosa or transection of the glossopharyngeal nerves but was blocked by transection of either the vagus or pharyngoesophageal nerves. We concluded that the pharyngo-UES contractile reflex was activated by pharyngeal mucosal mechanoreceptors whose afferent limb was the glossopharyngeal nerve and whose efferent limb was the pharyngoesophageal branch of the vagus nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Coordination between respiration and swallowing: respiratory phase relationships and temporal integration.

The coordination of breathing and swallowing was studied in 13 young healthy adult subjects during the administration of graduated volumes of water (3, 10, and 20 ml). Simultaneous submental electromyography, respiratory plethysmography, and fiber-optic endoscopy revealed a well-timed pattern between physiological respiratory events and related swallowing events. Expiration was the phase of respiration that was most closely associated with deglutition. Respiration was usually maintained at the onset of deglutition and halted before the onset of laryngeal elevation. The apneic interval was approximately 1 s for the 3-, 10-, and 20-ml boluses. A large-volume (100-ml) straw swallow resulted in variable respiration-swallowing patterns and in statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) in the duration of apneic pause and laryngeal excursion. The expiratory phase of respiration resumed nearly 0.50 s before the completion of swallowing. Clinical implications of the findings are addressed and related to aspiration and pulmonary complications in dysphagic patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B) in a family of British shorthair cats.

This report describes the clinical findings of a British shorthair cat with hemophilia B, the family pedigree surrounding the case, and how this disorder can be perpetuated in rare breeds of cats that may be inbred by necessity. Young cats with histories of bleeding episodes following elective or other surgical procedures, periodic shifting lamenesses, or the development of subcutaneous hematomas should be suspect for an inherited coagulation disorder. Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) or hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency) are the most likely causes, although other inherited bleeding disorders also have been recognized in cats.

Animals↗