"Taking the case of Cyprus, the authors examine the likely implications for social expenditure, under various scenarios of benefit and cost increases, of projected population changes up to the year 2020. The increased expenditure resulting solely from demographic changes could be easily absorbed if unit costs remain unchanged or rise no faster than overall productivity, but not if recent rapid increases in unit costs and in services continue."

Asia↗

PubMed1989

The effects of post-stress exposure to alcohol upon the development of alcohol consumption in rats.

A preference-drinking situation was used to test the effects of conditioned inhibition training upon relative alcohol preference. Using a backward, conditioned inhibition paradigm, water-deprived rats received daily shock presentations, followed immediately by alcohol exposure in a different neutral chamber. This post-shock exposure to alcohol drinking cues increased daily alcohol intake in the home cage, as tested 5 h later, relative to a no-shock control group. Results were interpreted in terms of a conditioned antagonistic-response interpretation of conditioned inhibition--increased relative preference for alcohol cues developed as a result of the association of alcohol cues with a post-shock, relief/relaxation response. These results have implications for the role of conditioned inhibitory processes in the initial development of alcoholism.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1982

Alteration of brain stem auditory evoked responses following cardio-respiratory arrest and resuscitation.

BAERs were recorded in a patient who suffered spontaneous cardio-respiratory arrest after testing had begun. During the arrest the BAERs initially decreased in amplitude and then could not be recorded. After restoration of cardiac activity there was immediate recovery of waves I and II. Subsequent potentials also immediately reappeared but they did not recover their original peak latency values during the 50 min following resuscitation.

Brain Stem↗

PubMed1981

Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials to peroneal nerve stimulation: scalp topography and the effect of different frequency filters.

Short latency SEPs to peroneal nerve stimulation were recorded from the scalp of 22 normal adults. The scalp topography and the effect of different frequency filters on these potentials were investigated. Using a wider bandpass (5-3000 Hz), this response usually consisted of 3 positive potentials (peak latencies 17, 22 and 27 msec) followed by a negative potential (peak latency 34 msec). Using a narrower bandpass (150-3000 Hz), these potentials were fractionated into subcomponents and up to 6 positive potentials were followed by an often bilobed negative potential occurring 4-10 msec earlier than the first negative potential recorded with the wider bandpass filters. The negative potential and the preceding major positive potentials were well defined and stable within and across normal subjects which suggests they will be useful in the clinical evaluation of patients with spinal cord pathology and in monitoring patients during surgery. Certain of these potentials recorded using the wider bandpass were often characterized by progressive differences in their peak latencies over the scalp. Evidence is provided which suggests that this occurred because subcomponents of these potentials, observed in recordings using the narrower bandpass had different scalp distributions. Evoked potentials were also recorded from surface electrodes placed over the spine of some of these subjects. These recordings when combined with the scalp recordings provided information concerning the conduction characteristics of SEPs from cauda equina to cerebral cortex.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Sensitivity to the elements of pure-tone auditory dyads.

Judgments of 15 college students for the presence of one or two tones in a dyad were obtained while both the distance between frequencies (from 129--258 to 488--976 c/s) and the musical interval (from Octaves to Major Thirds) were independently changed. When the critical bands of the constituent tones mainly overlapped, the percentage of correct responses was high and depended primarily upon the distance between frequencies as opposed to the musical interval. Percentage of correct responses decreased with the size of the interval when there was no encroachment of critical bands. It was concluded that critical-band theory could readily explain the data: when critical bands overlap, Ss used the presence of "roughness" to judge that the stimulus contained two tones; when there was no critical band overlap, there was no roughness and Ss had to analyze the tones separately. This was more difficult than simply listening for roughness, and the percentage of errors increased in consequence.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

Influence of reflection-impulsivity and cognitive style on time estimation under different ambient conditions.

120 college students estimated seven different durations of a light by the method of reproduction. Each duration reproduction was performed while either counting fast auditory clicks, slow clicks, or with no clicks. The subjects had previously been assessed for cognitive style with the Group Embedded Figures test and for reflection-impulsively with the impulsivity scale from the Personality Research Form. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the rapid-tempo ambient conditions had a greater effect on estimation of duration than did either the slow tempo or control condition. There were significant differences in time estimation between reflectives and impulsives for estimations of 10, 30, and 50 sec. No interactions were observed for reflection-impulsivity by ambient conditions. Although cognitive style did not interact with ambient conditions as was predicted, it did interact with sex for three durations, 10, 20, and 30 sec. It was concluded that impulsive students tend to underestimate the brief times more than do reflective students but are not affected differently by the ambient circumstances in which the estimation is made. Cognitive style, apparently, does not have a profound influence on estimation of brief durations. However, sex and cognitive style in interaction do affect these estimations, this requires further research.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1978

On the relationship between reflection-impulsivity and field-dependence--independence.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Female↗

PubMed1966

Incus homografts in chronic ear surgery.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Ear Ossicles↗