PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

W J Rodriguez

Publications and source records attributed to W J Rodriguez.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Strain-specific serum antibody responses in infants undergoing primary infection with respiratory syncytial virus.

We sought to characterize the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroup-specific antibody response to primary infection with RSV. RSV isolates from 43 infants and young children were typed as either subgroup A (Long strain-like) or B (18537 strain-like) based on reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. Acute-phase or preinfection and convalescent-phase sera were collected from the 43 subjects and tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified F and G glycoproteins from RSV subgroups A and B and by neutralization assay against both subgroups of RSV. Twenty-six individuals had rises in titer of antibody to F glycoprotein, 27 to G glycoprotein, and 28 had rises in titer of neutralizing antibody. The antibody responses to homologous and heterologous F glycoproteins were not significantly different. In contrast, homologous vs. heterologous antibody responses to G glycoprotein were significantly different, with 7.3% relatedness between the G glycoproteins of subgroups A and B. Analysis of neutralizing antibody responses revealed 31% relatedness.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1988

Monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific identification and typing of subgroup F adenoviruses.

Monoclonal antibody specific for subgroup F enteric adenoviruses (EAds) was prepared by fusing P3-NS1/Ag4-1 mouse myeloma cells with lymphocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with G1105, an adenovirus type 41 (Ad41) strain. Monoclone 3F11/2H9, which specifically recognized Ad41, was successfully used as detector antibody in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, previously prepared monoclones 5D8/2C2 and 2H6/1E11, recognizing Ad40 plus Ad41 and Ad40 alone, respectively, were used to study stool and/or tissue culture specimens from 106 patients with adenovirus-positive gastroenteritis. By ELISA, 91 had EAds (22 were Ad40 and 69 were Ad41) and 15 had non-EAds. ELISA results were in concordance with restriction endonuclease results for 38 of 39 specimens, with dot blot data for 19 of 20 specimens, and with neutralization test results for 74 of 78 specimens. ELISA was at least 10-fold more sensitive than direct electron microscopy was for the detection of EAds in stool specimens.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Aerosolized ribavirin in the treatment of patients with respiratory syncytial virus disease.

Thirty children 1 to 33 months of age were enrolled in a study of aerosolized ribavirin therapy for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract illness. Twenty patients received ribavirin and 10 received placebo. There were no significant differences between the groups in chronologic or gestational age or in days of illness prior to admission. Among patients with pneumonia 17% of 6 placebo patients vs. 64% of 11 ribavirin patients had radiographic evidence that multiple lung lobes were affected (P = 0.06). Placebo patients received 42.5 to 94.7 hours (mean, 58.6) of aerosol therapy, whereas ribavirin patients received 36.3 to 95.6 hours (mean, 55.7). Seventy-seven percent of all study patients were discharged within 5 days of starting treatment. Severity of illness was evaluated daily using a scale of 0 (normal) to 4+ (most severe). Ribavirin patients initially had a mean severity score 0.5 higher than placebo patients. By Day 2, their rate of improvement was significantly greater than that of placebo patients (P = 0.001). By Day 5, 36% of ribavirin patients with rales showed improvement, whereas rales persisted in 100% of placebo patients. The rate of improvement of oxygen saturation from first to last day of treatment was statistically significant only for ribavirin patients (P = 0.02). On Day 3, 65% of ribavirin patients (13) vs. 50% (5) placebo patients shed 10(-0.5) 50% tissue culture infective dose virus per 0.2 ml of nasal wash. No side effects or toxicity were associated with aerosol therapy. A short course of ribavirin treatment (approximately 3 days) proved safe and beneficial.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1987

Longitudinal study of rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in families served by a pediatric medical practice: clinical and epidemiologic observations.

During 29 months of prospective longitudinal study of diarrhea in the home, human rotaviruses (HRVs) infected one or more members in 51% of 65 families, 35 of 126 children (28%) and 16 of 124 adults (13%). Within the 33 affected families, 57% of 62 children and 25% of 65 adults were infected. HRV gastroenteritis peaked at 40/100 person years at ages 12 to 23 months and decreased to 5 episodes/100 person years in adults. Among 25 children 0 through 36 months of age who had HRV infection, 88% were symptomatic. Of the 22 children with symptomatic HRV infection, 1 required hospitalization and 8 were seen by their physician for supportive care. HRVs were found in 12% of 216 stools obtained during gastrointestinal illness, but in only 0.2% of 1238 non-illness stools tested. HRV infections were noted as early as October and as late as April. Of 33 families who were studied for 2 seasons, at least 1 individual in each of 3 families experienced HRV infections in both years, but only one, an adult, shed virus and had symptoms in both seasons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Penetration of sulbactam and ampicillin into cerebrospinal fluid of infants and young children with meningitis.

Infusions of 50 mg of sulbactam per kg per day and 400 mg of ampicillin per kg per day in divided doses to infants and children with bacterial meningitis produced levels in cerebrospinal fluid approximately one-third those in serum. Concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of 5.5 micrograms of sulbactam per ml and 16.0 micrograms of ampicillin per ml declined within a few days of therapy to 1.9 microgram of sulbactam per ml and 5.2 micrograms of ampicillin per ml.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Environmental exposure of primary care personnel to ribavirin aerosol when supervising treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections.

The potential exposure to ribavirin aerosol in the environment was assessed in nurses caring for infants and children with severe lower respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus. Ribavirin aerosol was administered via a ventilator, oxygen tent, or oxygen hood. Participants worked directly with infants receiving ribavirin for 20.0 to 35.0 h over a 3-day period. No toxic or adverse effects of ribavirin aerosol were observed in any of the 19 nurses studied, and ribavirin was not detected in erythrocytes, plasma, or urine collected after the potential exposure period.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of a latex test for rotavirus detection.

A latex agglutination (LA) test (Slidex Rota-Kit; bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France) was a rapid, easily used method for detecting rotavirus (RV) in pediatric fecal specimens. With 45 RV-positive and 50 RV-negative diarrhea specimens, the sensitivity of the LA test was 82%, and the specificity was 100%. Six other specimens produced indeterminate results. The frequency of positive LA tests appeared to be proportional to the concentration of virions in the stool.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1987

Ribavirin aerosol treatment of serious respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants.

Bronchiolitis is one of the most serious pulmonary infections commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV disease occurs in yearly epidemics and is most severe in children 1 year of age or younger. Approximately 1 in 50 to 1 in 100 infants are hospitalized after their first infection, and mortality fluctuates between 0.5 and 5.0 per cent. Patients with underlying conditions such as congenital heart disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are at higher risk for morbidity and mortality. Methods for rapid diagnosis of RSV infection and the advent of specific therapy with aerosolized ribavirin have revolutionized the management of hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease. A 3- to 5-day course of ribavirin plus supportive measures should be used in infants who prove to be infected by RSV and who are deteriorating on traditional supportive therapy, and/or who have underlying cardiac and/or pulmonary or immune defects.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1987

The reevaluation visit for acute otitis media.

Seventy children with acute otitis media diagnosed at a suburban, private primary care practice were examined after a ten-day course of antibiotic therapy and were then monitored closely for an additional 20 days. Parents were advised to seek prompt attention if symptoms of earache, fussiness, or fever recurred at any time during the 30-day study period. Of 14 symptomatic recurrences of acute otitis media, eight (57 percent) occurred within one week of discontinuing antibiotic therapy. Four (10 percent) of 41 children with persistent otitis media with effusion on days 10 to 14 developed symptomatic acute otitis media over the next 18 days, as did four (17 percent) of 23 children who had a normal middle ear examination on days 10 to 14. Early follow-up visits immediately following antibiotic therapy commonly detect persistent otitis media with effusion but appear to have limited value in detecting asymptomatic, posttreatment acute otitis media. the optimal timing of reevaluation visits for children with acute otitis media deserves further study.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Leukocyte counts in children with acute otitis media.

Peripheral blood leukocyte counts were performed in 167 children with acute otitis media who underwent myringotomy with culture of the middle ear exudate. A markedly elevated (greater than 97th percentile for age) leukocyte count was noted at initial presentation among 28% of these children, and counts exceeded 20,000/microL among 9%. Children older than six years were more likely than younger children to have marked leukocyte (41 v 24%, P less than 0.1). Children with culture-positive and culture-negative acute otitis media had similar leukocyte counts. There was no difference in frequency of posttreatment leukocytosis between those children who had complete resolution of acute otitis media and those children who had persistent otitis media with effusion. At follow-up 10 to 14 days later, relative leukopenia was observed significantly more often than at initial presentation (13 v 2%, P less than 0.001), and was most common among children two to five years old. Absolute neutropenia was likewise more common at the follow-up than at initial presentation (10 v 2%, P less than 0.01). Children treated with the fixed combination of erythromycin ethyl succinate-sulfisoxazole acetyl were somewhat more likely to have absolute neutropenia than those children who were treated with amoxicillin, but this difference was not statistically significant (14 v 6%, P less than 0.1). Acute otitis media, and perhaps the specific antibiotic therapy prescribed for acute otitis media, may exert marked effects upon peripheral blood counts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Simultaneous infections with different enteric and respiratory tract viruses.

Infants and young children with rotavirus (RV) or visualized adenovirus in their stools were tested for the simultaneous presence of a respiratory viral pathogen in their upper respiratory tract. Overall, at least 10.7% of 484 study subjects had such dual infections, including 8.3% of 385 RV-positive gastroenteritis patients and 24.3% of 37 RV-positive respiratory disease patients. Respiratory syncytial virus was present in 34.1% of 41 dual infections with RV and at least 40% of the 12 to 15 dual infections with visualized fecal adenovirus. Other pathogens found in the respiratory tract of patients with RV or visualized fecal adenovirus infections included influenza viruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and a cytomegalovirus.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1986

Dissociation between serum neutralizing and glycoprotein antibody responses of infants and children who received inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine.

The serum antibody response of infants and children immunized with Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine 20 years ago was determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for the RSV fusion (F) and large (G) glycoproteins and a neutralization assay. Twenty-one young infants (2 to 6 months of age) developed a high titer of antibodies to the F glycoprotein but had a poor response to the G glycoprotein. Fifteen older individuals (7 to 40 months of age) developed titers of F and G antibodies comparable to those in children who were infected with RSV. However, both immunized infants and children developed a lower level of neutralizing antibodies than did individuals of comparable age with natural RSV infections. Thus, the treatment of RSV with Formalin appears to have altered the epitopes of the F or G glycoproteins or both that stimulate neutralizing antibodies, with the result that the immune response consisted largely of "nonfunctional" (i.e., nonneutralizing) antibodies. Subsequent natural infection of the vaccinees with wild-type RSV resulted in enhanced pulmonary disease. Despite this potentiation of illness, the infected vaccinees developed relatively poor G, F, and neutralizing antibody responses. Any or all of three factors may have contributed to the enhancement of disease in the RSV-infected vaccinees. First, nonfunctional antibodies induced by the inactivated RSV vaccine may have participated in a pulmonary Arthus reaction during RSV infection. Second, the poor antibody response of infants to the G glycoprotein present in the Formalin-inactivated vaccine may have been inadequate to provide effective resistance to subsequent wild-type virus infection. Third, the relatively reduced neutralizing antibody response of the infant vaccinees to wild-type RSV infection may have contributed to their enhanced disease by delaying the clearance of virus from their lungs.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1986

Effect of age and preexisting antibody on serum antibody response of infants and children to the F and G glycoproteins during respiratory syncytial virus infection.

The serum antibody response of 50 infants and children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was determined by a glycoprotein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the effects of age and preexisting antibody titer at the time of RSV infection on response to the G and F glycoproteins of RSV were examined. The immune response to the G and F glycoproteins was assessed with anti-human immunoglobulin A to permit measurement of the response of young infants in the presence of maternally derived immunoglobulin G. The findings suggested that age primarily affects the response to the F glycoprotein and that preexisting antibody titer affects the response to the G glycoprotein.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Ceftazidime in the treatment of meningitis in infants and children over one month of age.

Ceftazidime, a new beta-lactamase-resistant cephalosporin, was compared with a combination of ampicillin and chloramphenicol for the treatment of meningitis in 100 infants and children aged one month to 15 years. In this open, randomized trial conducted in the Dominican Republic, 61 patients received 50 mg/kg of ceftazidime intravenously every eight hours; 39 received ampicillin plus chloramphenicol in conventional dosages. Seventy-eight of the patients had discernible isolates in samples from cerebrospinal fluid, six had a positive diagnostic Directogen result, and the remainder either had miscellaneous pathogens evident in samples of cerebrospinal fluid, bacteriologic growth in cultures of blood samples only, or no bacteriologic growth in cultures of either cerebrospinal fluid or blood. Among patients with discernible etiologic agents in samples of cerebrospinal fluid, 11 of 57 (19 percent) ceftazidime-treated patients died, and five of 27 (19 percent) patients treated with the combination died. Mortality by pathogen was as follows for patients who received ceftazidime or ampicillin plus chloramphenicol, respectively: Hemophilus influenzae, two of 27 (7 percent) and one of 15 (6 percent); Streptococcus pneumoniae, six of 12 (50 percent) and two of five (40 percent); Neisseria meningitidis, none of 11 (0 percent) and one of six (17 percent); and Salmonella, neither of two (0 percent) and one of one (100 percent). Overall mortality in the ceftazidime group was 20 percent versus 21 percent in the combination group. No significant toxicities were noted in the patients treated with ceftazidime.

Adolescent↗