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Biomedical subjects

W K Scarratt

Publications and source records attributed to W K Scarratt.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Suspected citrus pulp toxicosis in dairy cattle.

Thirteen lactating dairy cows from a herd of 650 died over a 6-week period. Most animals were down in milk production at 1 milking and were found dead at the next milking. Two cows had elevated heart rate and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Two others had azotemia, elevated heart rate, hyperglycemia, and weight loss. Necropsy of 10 cows revealed hemorrhages on the intestinal serosa and epicardium, lymphadenopathy, interstitial nephritis, small intestinal hemorrhage, and interstitial pneumonia. Histopathology showed lymphocytic to lymphogranulomatous inflammation in the heart, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, liver, lung, pancreas, and adrenal gland. Phlebitis was present in 2 livers. The lesions resembled those of hairy vetch toxicosis, but no vetch was being fed. Similar lesions have been reported with the feeding of citrus pulp. Citrus pulp was being fed to the lactating cows and had been added to the diet 6 weeks before the first death. The syndrome resolved with elimination of citrus pulp from the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Neoplasia of the respiratory tract.

Tumors of the equine respiratory tract occur infrequently. An accurate diagnosis of neoplasia of the respiratory tract is critical because the prognosis is usually grave. The clinical signs and diagnostic procedures are discussed for tumors of the nasal and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx/larynx, guttural pouch and thorax including lung, pleura, and thymus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old.

OBJECTIVE: To determine pharmacokinetic variables that describe disposition of ketoprofen after its i.v. administration to foals < 24 hours old. ANIMALS: 6 healthy foals (1 male and 5 females); mean age, 12.5 (range, 8.5 to 17) hours at time of dose administration. PROCEDURE: Ketoprofen was administered i.v. to foals at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg of body weight. Ketoprofen concentration in plasma samples was analyzed, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentration versus time profiles were analyzed according to standard pharmacokinetic techniques. Blood samples were obtained from foals by jugular venipuncture at defined times during a 48-hour period. Samples were centrifuged, and plasma was frozen at -70 C until analyzed. One-, two-, and three-compartment analyses were conducted. The most appropriate model was determined by use of Akaike's information criterion analysis. RESULTS: Plasma concentration versus time profiles were best described, using a two-compartment open model. Clearance (normalized for body weight) was significantly lower than that determined for adult horses. Volume of distribution (normalized for body weight) was larger than that determined for adult horses. Mean (harmonic) plasma half-life for healthy foals < 24 hours old was 4.3 hours. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although additional factors, such as dehydration or sepsis, must be considered on a case-by-case basis, the dose of ketoprofen administered to foals < 24 hours old should be different from the dose administered to adult horses. Under similar clinical circumstances, doses in foals should be increased by as much as 1.5 times to produce comparable therapeutic concentrations; longer dose intervals, based on clinical response, would be necessary to avoid drug toxicity.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Ubiquitin expression in degenerating axons of equine cervical compressive myelopathy.

Neuropathologic examination revealed axonal swelling and breakdown leading to Wallerian degeneration of affected myelinated nerve fibers in the spinal cord white matter of four young horses with equine cervical compressive myelopathy. Immunohistochemical reactions for the cell stress protein ubiquitin revealed an enhanced presence in the swollen axons, which may reflect a role for ubiquitin in the neuronal catabolic process of axonal compression and degeneration in this myelopathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hepatoencephalopathy and hypocalcemia in a miniature horse mare.

A pregnant, miniature horse mare had clinical signs of hepatoencephalopathy and concurrent hypocalcemia. The signs included dullness, inappetence, blindness, head pressing, weakness, muscle fasiculations, uveitis, and urinary incontinence. Hepatic dysfunction and hypocalcemia were confirmed by serum biochemical analysis. The mare was treated successfully with a continuous infusion of Ringer solution, calcium gluconate, dextrose, B-complex vitamins, sodium ampicillin, and flunixin meglumine; topical administration of ophthalmic ointments; and decompression of the urinary bladder. Histologic examination of a liver biopsy specimen revealed acute hepatic necrosis, which likely was associated with administration of a vaccine of equine origin 2 months earlier.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Cecal volvulus in a ewe.

Cecal volvulus in a ewe was diagnosed and surgically treated. Clinical signs were similar to those observed in cattle with cecal volvulus. Rectal palpation, which is an important diagnostic aid in cattle, was not possible in the ewe. Thus, the decision for surgery was based on clinical signs indicative of gastrointestinal obstruction, with the diagnosis of cecal volvulus being made at the time of surgery. Recovery after surgery was rapid, and follow-up evaluation at 13 months indicated no recurrence of the problem.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Immune-mediated polysynovitis in four foals.

The deposition of immune complexes in the synovial membrane resulted in polysynovitis in 4 foals. All 4 foals had an infection at a site other than the joints. The polysynovitis was characterized by marked effusions of affected joints and joint stiffness. Bacterial and mycoplasmal cultures of the joints did not yield growth. Staining of synovial membrane biopsy specimens with fluorescein-labeled anti-equine IgG revealed immune complexes in the synovial membrane. Immune-mediated polysynovitis might develop in foals with bacterial infections. We propose that deposition of immunoglobulin in the synovial membrane of the affected foals was caused by an increase in circulating immune complexes formed as a result of the primary disease processes.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed1987

Endocardial fibroelastosis and tricuspid valve insufficiency in a calf.

A 5-month-old Holstein heifer had clinical signs of tricuspid valve insufficiency and histopathologic evidence of endocardial fibroelastosis. The calf had a 3-week history of weight loss, abdominal distention, dyspnea, and decreased appetite. Physical examination revealed signs of right-sided heart failure, and a systolic murmur (II/VI) was heard best over the right heart base. Results of cardiac catheterization and echocardiography indicated tricuspid valve insufficiency and right-sided heart failure. The calf was euthanatized after not responding to treatment with penicillin, furosemide, and removal of fluid from the thorax and abdomen. Necropsy findings included multifocal areas of thickening and opacification of the endocardium of the left and right ventricles. Excessive elastic fibers, consistent with fibroelastosis, were seen by use of special stains applied to sections of endocardium.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Chlorpyrifos intoxication in a bull.

A mature Brangus bull received the recommended dose of chlorpyrifos and became dull and inappetent 3 days later. Clinical findings included weakness, dehydration, rumen stasis, and rumen distention with fluid and gas. Blood cholinesterase activity was 25% of normal. The bull's condition improved after treatment with pralidoxime, antimicrobials, electrolyte solutions, vitamins, and adsorbents. Five weeks later, the bull had gained weight, the blood cholinesterase activity was 70% of normal, and the results of a semen evaluation indicated he was a satisfactory potential breeder.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Iatrogenic lidocaine toxicosis in ewes.

Lidocaine intoxication developed inadvertently in a group of ewes. Six ewes used in a student laboratory session on laparotomy procedures were anesthetized locally with lidocaine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) prior to simultaneous bilateral laparotomy. Shortly after the administration of lidocaine hydrochloride, the ewes developed muscle tremors and became recumbent, with a variety of neurologic signs including dullness, opisthotonos, odontoprisis, mydriasis, blindness, extensor rigidity, and convulsions. The ewes were given intravenous fluid therapy, and 90 minutes after the onset of signs, the ewes were standing, dull, and appetent. The laboratory session was rescheduled 2 weeks later, using the same ewes and a reduced dosage of lidocaine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg). There were no adverse effects and the simultaneous bilateral laparotomy procedure was completed without complications. The authors recommend the use of lidocaine hydrochloride at a dosage not exceeding 10 mg/kg for ewes requiring extensive local anesthesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Water deprivation-sodium chloride intoxication in a group of feeder lambs.

Six of a group of 100 feeder lambs that had been deprived of sodium chloride, then more recently deprived of water, developed water deprivation-sodium chloride intoxication soon after water and a mineral supplement containing sodium chloride were reintroduced. The clinical signs included somnolence, intense thirst, and generalized muscle fasciculations. Serum chemical analyses revealed profound hypernatremia and hyperchloremia. Two mildly affected lambs recovered with partial water restriction and 2 severely affected lambs died despite medication to reduce cerebral edema. Postmortem examination of the 2 treated lambs and the 2 lambs found dead revealed microscopic evidence of cerebral edema and cerebrocorticonecrosis.

Animals↗