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Biomedical subjects

W L Cline

Publications and source records attributed to W L Cline.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Prevalence of antibody to the Norwalk agent by a newly developed immune adherence hemagglutination assay.

An immune adherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA) for the detection of antibody to the Norwalk agent of acute epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis was developed using as antigen virus purified from stool from an experimentally infected volunteer. The assay was sensitive and specific and was efficient for detecting Norwalk antibody seroresponses. The prevalence of Norwalk antibody in various groups in the United States was studied. Antibody to the Norwalk agent was acquired gradually, beginning slowly in childhood and accelerating in the adult period so that by the fifth decade 50% possessed antibody. This pattern of antibody acquisition contrasted sharply with that for the human rotavirus of infantile gastroenteritis. Rotavirus antibody was acquired during early childhood by almost all individuals in the pediatric groups studied. Antibody to the Norwalk agent was also found in rural Bangladesh; in a small prevalence survey of 39 children and adults 21% possessed Norwalk IAHA antibody, whereas 95% possessed antibody to the human rotavirus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Human reovirus-like agent as the major pathogen associated with "winter" gastroenteritis in hospitalized infants and young children.

We found a human reovirus-like agent in the stools of 42 per cent of 143 infants and young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis between January, 1974, and June, 1975. Half the patients studied by electron microscopy and serologic technics had evidence of infection with the agent. The infection had a seasonal pattern: 59 per cent of those admitted during the cooler months (November to April) shed the agent, with a peak of 78 per cent in December, 1974, and January, 1975, combined. None of the patients admitted during the warmer months (May to October) shed the agent. None of 275 Escherichia coli isolates from 32 patients with diarrhea produced heat-labile enterotoxin, whereas 17 of the 32 had evidence of infection with the reovirus-like agent. In addition, 14 of 40 parents of 37 patients with diarrhea associated with the reovirus-like agent were also infected, but most infectious were inapparent. This agent appears to be the major cause of diarrheal illness in the young during the cooler months.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Recent advances in the aetiology of viral gastroenteritis.

Studies with the human reovirus-like (HRVL) agnet, also designated rotavirus and duovirus, have revealed that it is a major aetiological agent of diarrhoea of infants and young children in many parts of the world. In a study of patients admitted with a diarrhoeal illness to the Children's Hospital of the District of Columbia in the United States from January 1974 to June 1975, it was found that half of the patients studied by both virus shedding (by electron microscopy) and serological (complement-fixation) techniques demonstrated evidence of infection with the HRVL agent. The temporal distribution of infections with the HRVL agent followed a seasonal pattern with this agent being shed exclusively by patients admitted during the cooler months of the year. Electron microscopic examination of stools was as efficient as serological methods for detecting infection with the HRVL agent. We also initiated studies to determine the possible mode of transmission of the HRVL agent by studying contacts of hospitalized patients. We found that 35% parents of patients with HRVL infections were also infected with the HRVL agent. Serological studies revealed that the HRVL agent was antigenically related to the Nebraska Calf Diarrhoea Virus, the epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice virus, the SA-11 virus, and the "O" agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Antigenic relationships among five reovirus-like (RVL) agents by complement fixation (CF) and development of new substitute CF antigens for the human RVL agent of infantile gastroenteritis.

The human reovirus-like (HRVL) agent, Nebraska calf diarrhea virus (NCDV), epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM) virus, simian agent (SA)-11, and the "O" (offal) agent were found to be similar, if not identical, in reciprocal complement fixation (CF) tests employing hyperimmune animal sera. In addition, in CF tests with paired sera from 35 diarrhea patients who shed the HRVL agent, 74% developed serologic evidence of infection with the HRVL antigen, 43% with NCDV, 51% with EDIM virus, 57% with SA-11, and 71% with the "O" agent. Thus, in addition to the NCDV, which had previously been described as a suitable substitute CF antigen for the HRVL agent, the SA-11, "O", and EDIM viruses may also be utilized as substitute antigens for the HRVL agent. However, the "O" agent appears to be the most efficient of the four substitute CF antigens and thus should be used preferentially when the HRVL agent is not available. The "O" agent was about as efficient as the HRVL agent and significantly more efficient than the NCDV for detecting seroresponses. The greatest efficiency for detecting infection with the HRVL agent resulted when sera were tested with both the HRVL and "O" agents as 31 (89%) of the patients developed serologic evidence of infection with one or both antigens. The finding of additional substitute CF antigens for the HRVL agent may have implications in the immunoprophylaxis against human disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

New complement-fixation test for the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis. Nebraska calf diarrhea virus used as antigen.

A complement-fixation (C.F.) test for the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis has been developed using the serologically related Nebraska calf diarrhoea virus (N.C.D.V.) as antigen. Most infants and children who shed the agent in stools and/or who demonstrated serological (C.F.) evidence of infection with a reovirus-like-particle-positive human stool-filtrate C.F. antigen also demonstrated serological evidence of infection when a concentrated N.C.D.V. preparation was employed AS C.F. antigen. The N.C.D.V., which was previously shown to be related to the human reovirus-like agent, was found to be related antigenically to the epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (E.D.I.M.) virus also. Studies on the prevalence of C.F. antibody in sera from infants and young children revealed a pattern of rapid acquisition of antibody to both the human reovirus-like agent and the N.C.D.V. as over 80 percent of these individuals possessed antibody to each agent by 36 months of age. A strong positive association was found in the results obtained with the two antigens. The ready availability of cell-culture grown N.C.D.V., and its ability to serve as a "substitute" C.F. antigen for the human reovirus-like agent, should enable the serodiagnosis of many cases of disease due to the human agent and facilitate seroepidemiological studies of such infections. In addition, the observation that a large proportion of individuals infected with the human reovirus-like agent develop serological evidence of infection not only to the human agent but to the calf agent as well may have important implications in the immunoprophylaxis of disease caused by the human reovirus-like agent.

Animals↗