Biomedical subjects

W L Liu

Publications and source records attributed to W L Liu.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

[Effects of composite blood-activating decoction on adhesive function of bone marrow stroma cells in radiation injured mice].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of commonly used "blood activating and stasis-removing" Chinese herbal drugs on adhesive function of bone marrow stroma cells in acute radiation injured mice. METHODS: After irradiation by 8 Gy 60Co gamma-ray, each mouse was intraperitoneally injected immediately with 0.2 ml 100% composite blood-activating decoction (CBAD) twice a day for 6 days. On the 7th day, the femura were taken and the bone karyocyte (BMC) suspension was made. According to long term bone marrow culture procedure, on the 12th day, the fibroblastic colony forming units were counted, and on the 28th day, the adhesion of culture stroma cells to normal murine BMC was observed. RESULTS: The adhesion of culture stroma cells to normal murine BMC was 67.8 +/- 17.2% in normal group, while in CBAD group, it was 55.8 +/- 10.5%. The difference was insignificant (P > 0.05). In the control group, the value was 47.7 +/- 13.6%, which was significantly lower than that in normal group (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION: The commonly used "blood-activating and stasis-removing" Chinese herbal drugs can enhance the adhesive function of bone marrow stroma cells in acute radiation injured mice.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

pH is critical to the regulation of expression of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene in hypoxia.

Expression and function of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2-AR), a critical modulator of motor function, is altered in ischemic tissues. However, the mechanism by which ischemia influences gene expression remains controversial, in part because of the conflicting results reported by numerous investigators. To determine the relative importance of hypoxia and acidosis on beta 2-AR expression and function, steady-state mRNA levels and receptor function were measured in DDT1MF-2 hamster smooth muscle cells grown in 10% serum and 3 nM epinephrine in 5% CO2 (pH 7.50) and then exposed for 48 h to either combined hypoxia with acidosis (through incubation in 2% O2, 10% CO2, mean pH 7.14 at 48 h), hypoxia alone (2% O2, 2.5% CO2, pH 7.36), normoxia-acidosis (21% O2, 10% CO2, pH 7.12) or continued normoxia (21% O2, 2.5% CO2, pH 7.49). Combined hypoxia-acidosis downregulated the beta 2-AR membrane density by 50% compared to hypoxia alone and normoxia alone at 48 h. beta 2-AR coupling in these cells, as measured by cellular cAMP production in response to 10(-4) M isoproterenol, was decreased by hypoxia but increased by acidosis. The effect of hypoxia-acidosis on Bmax was abolished by inhibiting transcription with 1.0 microgram/ml actinomycin D. A quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay demonstrated a decrease in steady-state mRNA concentration with hypoxia-acidosis. Our experiments demonstrate an important distinction between the effects of modeled hypoxia and ischemia on beta 2-AR gene expression.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Evidence of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.

The hypoxia-inducible element (HIE-1), a 50-bp region just 3' to the human erythropoietin gene, has been found to regulate transcription in cells that do not ordinarily synthesize erythropoietin. We hypothesized that the HIE-1 and associated protein factors may have a role in transcriptional regulation in hypoxic vascular tissues. Therefore, tissues of vascular origin were grown in culture and exposed to hypoxia (1% 02, 5% CO2, balance N2) or normoxia (21% O2, 5% CO2). Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) studied with electrophoretic mobility shifting demonstrated that HIE-1 was bound to a protein induced by hypoxia in these cells. HMEC-1 and rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASM) were transfected with the vector pGL2-HIE-1. HMEC-1 reporter gene expression was 3.7 +/- 0.5-fold increased at 12 hours and 3.7 +/- 1.3-fold increased at 24 hours by hypoxia. RASM reporter gene expression was 18.6 +/- 6.5-fold (SEM) increased at 12 hours and 2.0 +/- 0.7-fold increased at 24 hours by hypoxia. These findings provide indirect evidence of a hypoxia-inducible factor in vascular cellular transcriptional regulation.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1996

Dendrites of locus coeruleus neurons extend preferentially into two pericoerulear zones.

The intrinsic cytoarchitecture and neurochemical organization of the nucleus locus coeruleus have been characterized extensively, but there is little information about the organization of locus coeruleus neuronal processes extending outside of the nucleus proper. Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques were used to investigate the distribution of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase- or tyrosine-hydroxylase-labeled extranuclear processes in the rat pericoerulear region. The vast majority of these processes extended preferentially into two zones: (1) the pontine tegmentum medial and rostral to locus coeruleus, here termed the rostromedial pericoerulear region; and (2) a narrow region adjacent to the IVth ventricle caudomedial to locus coeruleus, designated here as the caudal juxtaependymal pericoerulear region. Far fewer labeled processes extended into the lateral and ventral pericoerulear regions. Seventy-seven percent of the labeled profiles in the pericoerulear region were dendrites. All labeled profiles in the rostromedial pericoerulear region and 94% of the labeled profiles in the caudal juxtaependymal zone were dendrites. By contrast, in the rostroventral pericoerulear region, 25% of the labeled profiles were axons. Locus coeruleus extranuclear dendrites were never presynaptic to other structures but were often contacted by several unlabeled presynaptic terminals. These results indicate that the dendrites of locus coeruleus neurons extend preferentially into two pericoerulear zones. Extranuclear dendrites in all pericoerulear regions receive extensive, nonnoradrenergic synaptic contacts. Thus, pericoerulear dendrites, particularly in the rostromedial and caudal juxtaependymal zones, are important sites for the integration of inputs to locus coeruleus neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein expression in brain of mice at different stages of development.

Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein (MT) expression were studied in brains of adult mice as well as at different stages of development. MT expression was also studied in the eye of adult mice as well as at different stages of development. Using northern blot analysis with total RNA, MT mRNAs were not detected in day 16 through day 18 embryos or in postnatal animals up to day 14. Detectable expression of MT-I, -II, and -III mRNAs was obtained in brains of 30- and 60-day-old-mice. The expression of MT-III mRNA appeared to be much stronger in adults (12 weeks old or more) than in 30- and 60-day-old animals. In contrast, there was similar expression of MT-I and -II in 30- and 60-day-old mice. Cd distribution to brain was found to decrease with age; the brains of 7-day-old mice contained about 4-times more Cd than that of adult mice. Thus, an inverse correlation was observed between MT expression and Cd accumulation in brain.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Olfactory epithelial organotypic slice cultures: a useful tool for investigating olfactory neural development.

An in vitro slice culture was established for investigating olfactory neural development. The olfactory epithelium was dissected from embryonic day 13 rats; 400 microns slices were cultured for 5 days in serum-free medium on Millicell-CM membranes coated with different substrates. The slices were grown in the absence of their appropriate target, the olfactory bulb, or CNS derived glia. The cultures mimic many features of in vivo development. Cells in the olfactory epithelium slices differentiate into neurons that express olfactory marker protein (OMP). OMP-positive cells have the characteristic morphology of olfactory receptor neurons: a short dendrite and a single thin axon. The slices support robust axon outgrowth. In single-label experiments, many axons expressed neural specific tubulin, growth-associated protein 43 and OMP. Axons appeared to grow equally well on membranes coated with type I rat tail collagen, laminin or fibronectin. The cultures exhibit organotypic polarity with an apical side rich in olfactory neurons and a basal side supporting axon outgrowth. Numerous cells migrate out of the slices, of which a small minority was identified as neurons based on the expression of neural specific tubulin and HuD, a nuclear antigen, expressed exclusively in differentiated neurons. Most of the migrating cells, however, were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100, indicating that they are differentiated glia. A subpopulation of these glial cells also expressed low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors, indicating that they are olfactory Schwann cells. Both migrating neurons and glia were frequently associated with axons growing out of the slice. In some cases, axons extended in advance of migrating cells. This suggests that olfactory receptor neurons in organotypic cultures require neither a pre-established glial/neuronal cellular terrain nor any target tissue for successful axon outgrowth. Organotypic olfactory epithelial slice cultures may be useful for investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate early olfactory development and function.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Cardiovascular deconditioning through head-down tilt bed rest increases blood pressure variability and plasma renin activity.

BACKGROUND: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be of primary importance in the mechanism of bed rest cardiovascular deconditioning. HYPOTHESIS: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that bed rest cardiovascular deconditioning does not result simply from plasma volume loss, but is also at least partially attributable to a persistent disequilibrium of the neuroendocrine mediators of plasma volume homeostasis. We examined whether changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system occur in association with the cardiovascular deconditioning and hemodynamic instability induced by antiorthostatic 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest. METHODS: Normal male volunteers (n = 10) were tested before, during, and after 14 d of head-down tilt with a high (150 mEq.d-1) salt intake, using head-down tilt as a model of cardiovascular deconditioning and lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a model of orthostatic stress. RESULTS: Resting plasma renin activity was 2.22 +/- 0.85 ng.ml-1.h-1 (+/- SD) at baseline and increased to 4.14 +/- 1.21 ng.ml-1.h-1 at the end of head-down tilt (p < 0.05), but urine aldosterone, plasma aldosterone, and urine sodium did not change with head-down tilt. Although the plasma norepinephrine response to LBNP was accentuated, resting adrenergic tone did not change during head-down tilt. Cardiovascular deconditioning was associated with an increase in blood pressure variability during LBNP as assessed by both beat-to-beat standard deviation and spectral analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a proposed link between blood pressure variability and the renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular deconditioning.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Increased invasive activity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells is associated with an overexpression of thyroid hormone beta 1 nuclear receptor and low expression of the anti-metastatic nm23 gene.

To understand the role of thyroid hormone in metastasis, we studied the expression of the anti-metastatic nm23 gene in eight human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. These cells differentially expressed the anti-metastatic nm23 gene. A low level of nm23 proteins was found to have a high in vitro invasive activity which correlated closely with an overexpression of the thyroid hormone beta 1 nuclear receptor (h-TR beta 1). Concurrent with the down-regulation of h-TR beta 1, the invasive activity of HCC cells was suppressed by the thyroid hormone, 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). These results indicate that the invasive activity of HCC cells was regulated by T3, suggesting that T3 could be involved in modulating the functions of nm23.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed1995

Transcriptional regulation by p53. Functional interactions among multiple regulatory domains.

The tumor suppressor p53 protein possesses activities typical of eukaryotic transcriptional activators; p53 binds to specific DNA sequences and stimulates transcription of the target genes. By a series of deletion and domain-swapping studies, we report here that (i) p53 has two auxiliary domains, which have little effect on the DNA binding activity of its core domain but are capable of modulating its transactivation activity in a target site-dependent manner; (ii) p53 contains two cell-specific transcriptional inhibitory domains, I1 and I2, which are active in Saos-2 and HeLa cells but not in HepG2 and Hep3B cells; and (iii) I1 inhibits the activity of several structurally different activating regions. These results demonstrate that the apparent transcriptional activity of p53 is determined by collaborations among its regulatory domains, its target sites, and the cellular environment.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Estimation of PCNA mRNA stability in cell cycle by a serum-deprivation method.

A simple scheme was developed to study the mRNA stability of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene during cellular transition from the G1/S boundary to a quiescent state. By this scheme, CHO.K1 cells were grown to about 80% confluence and then serum-starved for 40 h for synchronization in a quiescent state. The quiescent cells were serum-stimulated for a period of time (between 8 h and 12 h) and then grown in serum-free medium until being harvested for further analyses. The cellular PCNA mRNA level was analyzed by Northern blotting. As compared with that in cells which were continuously incubated in serum-containing medium, the decline of the mRNA level, after reaching the peak, in these serum-deprived cells was virtually devoid of mRNA synthesis. Thus, this mRNA decay was taken for the measurement of mRNA stability. The advantage of the scheme is that, unlike the treatment of transcription inhibitors, it does not prevent the cells from completing the rest of the cell cycle before returning to the resting state, and so the mRNA stability observed is cell cycle dependent. In contrast with the previous report that the stability of PCNA mRNA in quiescent cells is less by severalfold than that in S phase cells, our study shows that the mRNA stability of PCNA remained constant during the cellular transition from G1/S boundary to quiescent state.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Serum responsiveness of the rat PCNA promoter.

Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene is growth-regulated. The growth dependence of the rat PCNA gene promoter activity was investigated. Cultured cells were transfected with the promoter containing plasmid and recovered for 48 h in serum-free medium to become quiescent. Cells were then cultured in serum-containing medium and harvested at certain intervals after serum-stimulation, and the promoter-directed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activities in cell extracts were measured. The promoter used in this study contained sequences between -693 and +125 in relation to the transcription initiation site. The promoter activity was found to be serum-responsive. However, the serum-responsiveness of the promoter became less obvious when the amount of the promoter increased; meanwhile, the promoter became active in the control unstimulated (or quiescent) cells. It was suspected that the dosage effect was due to the titration of the negative regulatory factor in quiescent cells. The titration experiment with a reporterless construct as competitor for regulatory factors showed that the excess of promoter molecules reduced the promoter activity in serum-stimulated cells, while causing a transiently increase of promoter activity in quiescent cells. Based on these results, it is postulated that the serum-responsiveness of the rat PCNA promoter is controlled by both negative and positive regulatory factors. Consistent with this proposition, promoter binding proteins of 105 and 114 kDa were identified only in serum-stimulated and quiescent cells, respectively, in addition to several other promoter binding proteins (ranging from 76 to 110 kDa) which were seen in both serum-stimulated and quiescent cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

The accuracy of prostate cancer staging in a population-based tumor registry and its impact on the black-white stage difference (Connecticut, United States).

Stage at diagnosis of prostate cancer is a major determinant of survival. Among Blacks, prostate cancer is diagnosed at a later stage of disease than among Whites. This study examined the accuracy of routine coding of prostate cancer stage in the Connecticut (United States) Tumor Registry (CTR) and its effect on the Black/White stage difference. Medical records were collected for 115 Black and 136 White men with prostate cancer diagnosed between 1987 and 1990. Stage at diagnosis was determined by a panel of two of the study members and compared with the stage in the CTR file. According to the panel, 32 percent of Blacks, but only 15 percent of Whites, were diagnosed with distant stage disease. Fifty-eight cases (26 percent of Whites and 20 percent of Blacks) were staged incorrectly by the CTR. Two-fifths of the errors were due to incomplete medical records at the CTR and three-fifths were due to CTR coding or data management errors. The more accurate staging did not have an appreciable impact on the Black/White stage difference. Further work is needed to characterize the accuracy of routinely coded cancer registry stage data for different cancer sites, to devise ways of improving accuracy, and to determine the impact of staging inaccuracies on research that utilizes these data.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Preoptic projections to Barrington's nucleus and the pericoerulear region: architecture and terminal organization.

The medial preoptic area (MPO), a sexually dimorphic region, plays a pivotal role in neuroendocrine function and reproductive behavior. We recently reported that MPO projects heavily to the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). We also noted that MPO projects to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Here we identified the cells of origin of the MPO-->tegmental projection and delineated the terminal organization of MPO projections to Barrington's nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC), and the rostromedial pericoerulear region (pLCrm). Correlative cyto- and chemoarchitectonic studies were done to define better the nuclear groups of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Retrograde tracing revealed that MPO neurons projecting to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum are preferentially distributed in distinct subregions of MPO, including the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). Anterograde tracing with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin demonstrated considerable target specificity in projections from MPO to the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. Barrington's nucleus receives a dense focal input along its entire rostrocaudal axis. In addition, pLCrm is heavily targeted by MPO inputs; pLCrm contains a concentrated plexus of extranuclear dendrites of LC neurons. The lateral dorsal tegmental (LDT) nucleus and LC proper receive only sparse input from MPO. MPO projections to Barrington's nucleus could regulate micturition reflexes during reproductive behavior. The MPO-->pLCrm projection could influence noradrenergic LC neurons in relation to reproductive and/or gonadal steroid function. Given the strong established connections from olfactory structures to MPO, it is possible that the MPO-->LC pathway provides an anatomical substrate for olfactory modulation of arousal.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Intrabulbar associational system in the rat olfactory bulb comprises cholecystokinin-containing tufted cells that synapse onto the dendrites of GABAergic granule cells.

The intrabulbar associational system (IAS) originates from tufted cells whose axons terminate in the internal plexiform layer (IPL) on the opposite side of the same olfactory bulb. The postsynaptic targets of the IAS are unknown. Subpopulations of tufted cells contain different neuropeptides and transmitters but it is not known if tufted cells forming the IAS are homogeneous with respect to neurotransmitters. Therefore, the goals of the present study were to identify the postsynaptic targets of the IAS and to determine the major transmitter in this intrabulbar circuit. Biocytin anterograde tracing revealed that the axons of superficially situated tufted cells coursed directly to the IPL where they turned abruptly to run ventrally and dorsally to terminate in the IPL on the opposite side of the olfactory bulb. WGAapoHRP-Au retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochemistry for CCK revealed that all tufted cells retrogradely labeled by WGAapoHRP-Au injection in the IPL were immunoreactive for CCK. Anterograde transport of biocytin combined with postembedding immunocytochemical gold-labeling for GABA demonstrated that labeled IAS axons terminate predominantly, if not exclusively, on GABAergic granule cell dendrites in the IPL. These results confirm that the IAS arises from tufted cells and is topographically organized. We further demonstrate that tufted cells forming the IAS use the neuropeptide CCK as a transmitter. In addition, we show that the postsynaptic targets of the CCKergic IAS are the dendrites of GABAergic granule cells coursing through the IPL toward the EPL. As CCK is generally an excitatory neuropeptide, we suggest that the IAS functions to excite topographically discrete populations of granule cells. This action may lead to inhibition of equally discrete populations of mitral/tufted cells. Thus, the IAS may be an intrabulbar inhibitory circuit that coordinates topographically organized neural networks in the olfactory bulb.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Atrial natriuretic peptide-like (ANP-LIR) and ANP prohormone immunoreactive astrocytes and neurons of human cerebral cortex.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) represents a family of related peptides originally isolated from cardiac atria that have potent natriuretic, diuretic, and vasorelaxant properties. ANP has previously been localized in neurons of the rat brain in regions subserving cardiovascular functions and fluid/electrolyte balance and has been localized in astroglia of the canine brain. To determine whether ANP is present in astrocytes of the human brain and to validate the canine model for future studies, human brain tissue was obtained from autopsy cases with no brain damage or neurological or vascular disease. Human brains were obtained less than 3 h postmortem, and anterior cingulate and striate cortices were dissected following perfusion or immersion fixation. Immunohistochemical processing utilized antibodies against the processed form of ANP (ANP IV, ANP104-128) and against rat proANP (amino terminus) and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. Isolated, strongly ANP-immunoreactive protoplasmic astrocytes were observed in all layers of the cingulate and striate cortex gray matter. ANP-positive fibrous astrocytes were observed in the white matter. Additionally, distinctive immunopositive astrocytes were found both within and immediately subjacent to the glia limitans. Antibody against the prohormone stained only protoplasmic astrocytes and sublimitans astrocytes and processes. In addition to the astroglia, ANP was detected in scattered multipolar neurons in the cerebral gray matter. These results provide additional evidence for diversity of peptide localization in astrocytes and suggest roles for ANP in the local regulation of cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier permeability, or cerebrospinal fluid volume.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[A preliminary study of HCV infections with hemophilia and their family members].

28 cases of hemophilia were examined for HCV infection status by using the Kehua anti-HCV ELISA kit of second generation. It was found that the infection rate was 78.5% and the infection rate was even higher with patients who had received transfusions or preparations of coagulatory factors. 10 families of 15 patients were also investigated. It was found that of 15 hemophilia patients, 12 showed positive anti-HCV, while none of their 53 family members exhibited any positive anti-HCV. In 8 children of 9 couples no positive anti-HCV was found. Our results revealed that the hemophilia patient may get infected with HCV by receiving multiple transfusions or preparation of coagulatory factors. The risk of getting infected with HCV via daily-life contact including sexual contact is extremely low.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Intracellular filling in fixed brain slices using Miniruby, a fluorescent biocytin compound.

Biocytin is useful for intracellular filling in living slices because it is soluble, has high electrophoretic mobility and a high affinity for avidin. In fixed slices, however, membrane potential cannot be used to signify that a cell is impaled. Thus, it is necessary to inject a fluorescent molecule so that impalement and filling can be visually monitored. As biocytin does not fluoresce, it cannot be used by itself in fixed slices. Here, we report that a biocytin-dextran (MW 10 kDa and 40 kDa) compound, Miniruby (MR), is a useful intracellular marker for injecting neurons in fixed slices. Fixed slices (200-400 microns) of adult rat olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, midbrain periaqueductal gray and locus coeruleus were used. Slices were stained by 0.001% ethidium bromide so that cell bodies could be visualized. The slices were imaged and filled using a specially designed hinged, epi-fluorescent microscope. A cell was impaled with a pipette containing 1-5% MR; positive pulsed constant current (1-5 nA; 300-400 ms on and 600-700 ms off; approximately 10 min) was applied until the fine dendrites were brightly fluorescent. Slices were post-fixed for 6-12 h, then reacted by a conventional ABC-DAB protocol. Miniruby has several advantages: (1) it is easy to visualize the electrode in relation to the cell bodies; (2) the staining procedure is very sensitive, does not require immunohistochemistry, and the reaction product is light stable; (3) injected neurons, dendrites and initial part of axons are well visualized by bright-field microscopy. It should be possible to analyze MR filled cells at the EM level.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Predictors and prognosis of inability to get up after falls among elderly persons.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the predictors and prognosis associated with inability to get up after falling. DESIGN: Cohort study with a mean 21-month follow-up. SETTING: General community. SUBJECTS: 1103 New Haven, Conn, residents aged 72 years and older who were able to follow simple commands and walk unassisted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported inability to get up without help after falls not resulting in serious injury; activity restriction and hospitalization after a fall; death; and placement in a nursing home. RESULTS: Inability to get up without help was reported after 220 of 596 non-injurious falls. Of 313 non-injured fallers, 148 (47%) reported inability to get up after at least one fall. Compared with non-fallers, the risk factors independently associated with inability to get up included the following: an age of at least 80 years (adjusted relative risk [RR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 2.1); depression (RR, 1.5; CI, 1.1 to 2.0); and poor balance and gait (RR, 2.0; CI, 1.5 to 2.7). Previous stroke (RR, 1.6; CI, 1.0 to 2.4) and sedative use (RR, 1.5; CI, 0.9 to 2.2) did not achieve significance. Among fallers, older age and poor balance and gait were associated marginally with inability to get up. Compared with fallers who were able to get up, fallers who were unable to get up were more likely to suffer lasting decline in activities of daily living (35% vs 26%). Fallers who were unable to get up were more likely to die, to be hospitalized, and to suffer a decline in activities of daily living for at least 3 days, and were less likely to be placed in a nursing home than were fallers who were able to get up, but these trends were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for inability to get up were similar to those for falling, although certain factors imparted a particular risk of inability to get up without help. The frequency of inability to get up and the short- and long-term morbidity associated with this inability suggest the need for preventive and treatment efforts.

Accidental Falls↗