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Biomedical subjects

W M Kirkendall

Publications and source records attributed to W M Kirkendall.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

The effects of benazepril, a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in mild to moderate essential hypertension: a multicenter study.

Benazepril hydrochloride is a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. In a multicenter study, 206 patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomized to receive benazepril at a dose of 2, 5, 10, or 20 mg, hydrochlorothiazide, 25 mg, or placebo once daily for 4 weeks. The 20 mg dosage of benazepril lowered blood pressure to a degree equal to that of 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide: -12.2/7.7 mm Hg and -13.4/-7.5 mm Hg, respectively. Hydrochlorothiazide proved to be more effective in black subjects. At lower dosage levels of benazepril (2, 5, and 10 mg), blood pressure reduction was not significantly different from that with placebo. In those patients who failed to achieve goal diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg with monotherapy after 4 weeks, the addition of open-label hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/day) to benazepril, hydrochlorothiazide, or placebo produced a substantial additional decrease in blood pressure over a 2-week period. No definite adverse effects on hematologic measurements, serum biochemistry test results, or urinalyses were noted. Subjective adverse experiences were common in all groups but except in three or possibly four instances were not considered causally related to the study drug.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Placebo-controlled trial of once-a-day isradipine monotherapy in mild to moderately severe hypertension.

The efficacy and safety of once-daily dosing of isradipine, a new calcium antagonist vasodilator, was evaluated in a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial in hypertensive patients who had supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) 100-119 mm Hg. After a 3-week single-blind placebo washout patients randomly received either isradipine, 5 mg once daily, or a matching placebo; if SDBP remained greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg or less than or equal to 10 mm Hg below baseline at four weekly clinic visits, isradipine was increased at weekly intervals by 5 mg once daily up to 20 mg and maintained during weeks 5 and 6. At week 6 mean supine blood pressure 24 hours after dosing had declined from 163 +/- 20/105 +/- 5 (N = 78) to 146 +/- 17/92 +/- 7 mm Hg (N = 60) on isradipine, 14.5 mg once daily, and from 163 +/- 20/105 +/- 6 (N = 85) to 157 +/- 18/99 +/- 10 mm Hg (N = 64) on placebo (P less than .001 between groups). Standing blood pressure decreased from 159 +/- 20/104 +/- 8 to 144 +/- 18/93 +/- 11 mm Hg with isradipine and from 160 +/- 22/105 +/- 9 to 154 +/- 19/101 +/- 11 mm Hg with placebo (P less than .001 between groups) without signs or symptoms of postural hypotension. A SDBP less than or equal to 90 mm Hg or a greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg fall below baseline was achieved in 41 of 78 isradipine-treated (53%) and 18 of 85 placebo-treated subjects (21%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1990

Multicenter comparison of once- and twice-daily isradipine to hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension in elderly patients.

After 8 weeks of isradipine, a twice-a-day dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, 49% of elderly patients showed a complete response (sitting diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 85 mm Hg) and 36% showed a partial response (sitting diastolic blood pressure decrease greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg) for an 85% total response rate. Hydrochlorothiazide gave a complete response in 36% of the patients and a partial response in 33%, for a 69% total response rate (p less than 0.0046). Because elderly subjects have reduced clearance for many drugs, we determined how those who responded to twice-a-day administration would respond to once-a-day administration. After 4 weeks of isradipine administered once a day, 54% of the patients showed a complete or partial response, whereas 38% of the patients who were changed to placebo showed a response. In contrast, 82% of patients receiving hydrochlorothiazide once a day showed a response, whereas 60% of patients who were changed to placebo showed a response. These data indicate that the standard formulation of isradipine was not effective when administered once a day.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Treatment of hypertension in the elderly.

Investigation of preventive measures for hypertension and atherosclerosis is a geriatric medicine priority. While the causes of both isolated systolic hypertension and conventional systolic and diastolic hypertension in the elderly are well defined, the benefits of lowering blood pressure are not. Evidence to support the treatment of symptomatic hypertension is convincing for men 60 years of age; it is not for women in this age group. The need to treat hypertension, particularly isolated systolic hypertension in patients above 75 years old, is still not resolved. Isolated systolic hypertension in older patients is at least as strong a risk factor for cardiovascular disease as is diastolic hypertension. Ongoing trials may answer these questions; in the meantime, drug therapy in this group will vary widely. The elderly hypertensive is more likely than the younger hypertensive to have other diseases; diagnosis of these disorders is crucial. Hypertension arising de novo late in life warrants a search for underlying and possibly remedial causes. Antihypertensive drug therapy to relieve symptoms is difficult to justify, because most elderly hypertensive patients are asymptomatic; however, it has been shown to delay morbid and fatal complications of hypertension. Appropriate therapy for the elderly hypertensive must be individualized and should be associated with few or no side effects. The thiazides are the preferred diuretics for long-term treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Beta blockers are attractive because they are cardioprotective, counter the end organ effect of catecholamines and reduce angina; however, some decrease cardiac output, increase peripheral resistance, decrease renal blood flow and cause fatigue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1979

Minoxidil therapy for refractory hypertension and chronic renal failure.

Minoxidil, a potent vasodilator antihypertensive agent, was given to 14 patients with severe hypertension uncontrolled by conventional agents. Thirteen patients had elevated serum creatinine levels. Over a period of 20 months (mean duration of administration) minoxidil lowered blood pressure from 194/124 to 147/90 mm Hg (mean values), in combination with furosemide and a sympathetic inhibitor (usually propranolol). Progression of preexisting renal disease was halted in all but three patients. Fluid retention, cardiac failure, and angina were troublesome side effects. The occurrence of hypertrichosis also limited the usefulness of minoxidil, particularly in female patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Prazosin and clonidine for moderately severe hypertension.

In a single-blind comparative study of the cases of 30 moderately hypertensive patients, clonidine hydrochloride and prazosin hydrochloride had similar effectiveness in lowering blood pressure. Neither agent had significant effects on the renin-aldosterone axis. Addition of polythiazide to prazosin and chlorthalidone to clonidine notably increased the antihypertensive effect of both drugs. Serum cholesterol levels were observed to decrease when prazosin and clonidine were given and to rise when the diuretics were added to the regimen. The patients treated with clonidine were troubled by side effects, particularly drowsiness and dry mouth. Prazosin was better tolerated, with side effects tending to diminish with time. The "first-dose" effect was seen in two patients given prazosin, but it did not limit treatment. Both diuretics induced notable hypokalemia.

Adult↗