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Biomedical subjects

W M Krogman

Publications and source records attributed to W M Krogman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Cleft type and sex differences in craniofacial growth in clefting from one month to ten years.

Craniofacial growth of 145 children born with a cleft was studied by analyzing the sex and cleft-type differences for 11 linear dimensions and three angular relationships as observed on lateral x-ray headfilms. The sample consisted of 58 children with complete unilateral cleft of lip and palate (UCLP), 29 children with complete bilateral cleft of lip and palate (BCLP), and 58 children with cleft of palate only (CPO). None of these children had any syndrome at the time of birth. The growth was studied for the first postnatal decade. The data were analyzed by stepwise discriminant analysis and univariate analysis of variance. The results show that differences in cranial base size are associated with sex and not with cleft type. Differences in cranial base angle are associated with cleft-type but in case of females only. Face heights do not differ across cleft types but they do differ across sexes when CPO is involved. Cleft type differences are observed for midfacial depths and basifacial angle but sex differences are observed only when CPO is involved. The mandibular dimensions do not differ with cleft type. Gonial angle shows sex differences for BCLP only. The body length also varies with sex when CPO is involved.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1983

Craniofacial growth in clefting from one month to ten years as studied by P-A headfilms.

Craniofacial growth of 64 children with a unilateral cleft of lip and palate, 32 children with a bilateral cleft of lip and palate, and 78 children with a cleft of palate only were studied at the ages of one month, three months, six months, one year, 18 months, two years, and annually till the age of 10 years. Nine width and 12 height measurements are obtained from the tracings of p-a X-ray headfilms and analysed. It was found that the cleft type differences were mainly restricted to the base line width, interorbital width, optic foramen width, basal maxillary width, interorbital height, optic foramen height, and gonial height. For all these measurements except basal maxillary width, the means are in the order BCLP greater than UCLP greater than CPO. For basal maxillary breadth it was UCLP greater than BCLP greater than CPO. Sex differences are restricted to base line width, basal maxillary width, bizygomatic width, interorbital height, and optic foramen height. For these width measurements, males have larger means than females. For the height measurements, females have larger means than males.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Possible sex-discriminant variables in craniofacial growth in clefting.

In this investigation, 174 patients with orofacial clefts were examined for identification of possible sex differences in craniodentofacial measurements. The patients were selected from the longitudinal growth files of the H. K. Cooper Clinic. Records available for analysis were serial lateral cephalometric radiographs from the age of 1 month to 10 years. Patients were grouped by cleft type and sex within each cleft group (78 cleft palate only, 64 unilateral cleft of lip and palate, 32 bilateral cleft of lip and palate). Stepwise discriminant analysis of fourteen linear and angular craniofacial dimensions was used to identify those variables which contributed to sex differences within each cleft group over the growth/time intervals examined. Results suggested the possibility of sex-related differences in growth timing, that is, earlier maturation and growth in females in several craniofacial areas which did not appear to be related to the presence, absence, or type of cleft but which could possibly modify cleft-specific responses to treatment (cranial base dimensions, face heights). Other sex-related differences appeared to be more specifically related to known sex differences in original cleft type and severity (mandibular size and position, midfacial dimensions). The manner in which these various sex factors interface with environmental and therapeutic influences in producing the ultimate craniodentofacial morphology in a given sex and cleft type is discussed.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1982

Sex differences in craniofacial growth from one month to ten years of cleft lip and palate.

This study is based on serial lateral X-ray headfilms from one month to ten years for 64 children with unilateral cleft of lip and palate (UCLP), 32 children with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), and 78 children with cleft palate only (CPO). Measurements for eleven dimensions and three angles were obtained. These included measurements for the cranial base, facial heights, midfacial depths, and the mandible. The 10-year period was divided into infancy, i.e., birth to one year; early childhood, i.e., one to six years; and mid childhood, i.e., six to ten years. All measurements were evaluated on the basis of growth time and growth velocity. The shape of the cranial base as seen in the sellar angle was influenced by clefting whereas the size, i.e., the clival length and the anterior cranial base length were affected by sex. No sex differences were observed for the angle S-N-A. Face heights, midfacial depths, and mandibular body length were all found to be larger for males.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1982

Craniofacial growth in different cleft types from one month to ten years.

This study is based on serial cephalometric radiographs from one month to ten years of 64 children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 32 children with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), and 78 children with cleft palate only (CPO). Eleven dimensions and three angles were measured in the cranial base, the midface, and the mandible. The 10-year period was divided into infancy (birth to one year), early childhood (one to six years), and mid childhood (six to ten years). Growth differences for each measurement at each age for the three cleft pairs (UCLP/BCLP, UCLP/CPO, and BCLP/CPO) were evaluated by analysis of variance. Cranial base was not affected by cleft-type in males, although sellar angle was found to be significantly larger in BCLP females. Upper face heights in BCLP were different from UCLP and CPO in both sexes. Midfacial depths Ptm'-ANS, Ptm'-A, and anterior segment of palatal length KR-ANS were different for each cleft type. The same was true for the basifacial angle S-N-A. The mandible was relatively unaffected by cleft-types.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1977

Adult monkey coronoid process after resection of trigeminal nerve motor root.

A smaller or absent coronoid process has been reported, by some investigators but not by others, in growing animals following resection of the temporalis muscle. The trauma of resection, altered function, hemorrhage, scar tissue, and changes in vascularity may have influenced the results. The purpose of this experiment was to observe in adult Macaca mulatta the fully grown coronoid process after decreasing or eliminating neurofunctional activity of the temporalis muscle unilaterally without the trauma of local resection. In two males and three females the motor root of the trigeminal nerve which innervates the temporalis muscle was resected intracranially. In three control animals of both sexes the same surgical procedure was performed except for resection of the nerve. At postmortem, one year later, the temporalis muscle mass was atrophic on the resected side. There were no significant morphological differences, however, between the right and left sides of the mandible, including the coronoid process, regardless of which motor root of the fifth nerve had been resected, which side had been sham-operated, or sex. An extensive deposit of calculus on the buccal surfaces of the teeth on the operated nerve side was a consistent, conspicuous finding.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Longitudinal analysis of growth of the soft palate and nasopharynx from six months to six years.

Between the ages of six months and six years, longitudinal lateral headfilms were taken on 54 patients with palatal clefts or with unilateral and bilateral clefts of the lip and palate. They were measured and were compared to data on both normals and subjects with clefts of the lip only. The objectives of the study were: 1. To sutdy the effects of palatal surgery on the growth of the soft palate. 2. To compare the growth of the soft palate and nasopharynx among the patients with various types of clefts and normals. 3. To study the growth acceleration or so-called catch-up growth after palatal surgery at various ages. (Anterior palatal surgery at 14 months +/- 2 months. Posterior palatal surgery at 16 months +/- 2 months.) 4. To evaluate the relationship between velopharyngeal growth in cleft groups and voice quality.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Physical anthropology and the dental and medical specialties.

The rise of two sub-specialties in Physical Antrhopology traces back to the Anatomy Departments of Schools of Medicine in Germany and France during the nineteenth century. The study of human diversity in bones and bodies was largely by medically-trained anatomists. There developed Medical Antropology and Dental Anthropology, employing osteometry and craniometry on the skeleton, somatometry and cephalometry on the living body. As a result cross-sectional studies gave way to longitudinal studies and X-ray techniques were added to purely mensurational procedures. In Medical Anthropology the specialties most directly concerned are pediatrics, plastic surgery, endocrinology, and orthopaedics. In Dental Anthropology the specialties most directly concerned are pedodontics, orthodontics, oral surgery, and prosthodontics. The contributions of Physical Anthropology to each is discussed.

Anthropology, Physical↗
PubMed1976

A longitudinal study of morphological craniofacial patterns via P-A x-ray headfilms in cleft patients from birth to six years of age.

652 P-A X-ray headfilms of 51 unilateral cleft lip and palat, UCLP; 27 bilateral cleft lip and palate, BCLP; and 62 isolated cleft palate, CP were studied longitudinally at 0-3 months, 4-6 months, and annually from 1:0-6:0 years. Breadth change, height change, and growth direction of nine paired landmarks were investigated by means of the rectangular coordinate system with right to left zygomatico-frontal suture (Zf) point line as the X-axis and the perpendicular line to this X-axis at the mid-point between the right and left Zf points as the X-axis. Major findings were: (1) Study of Sphenoid body, interorbital, bizygomatico-frontal suture, and bizygomatic arch breadths showed that BCLP had a significantly broader face than either UCLP or CP. An apparent tendency to hypertelorism still remained at 6:0 in this group while UCLP and CP groups were both close to the Bolton Standards. (2) Nasal and maxillary bredths of BCLP and UCLP were significantly wider during the first year than in CP, but they showed only a slight growth change after the age of one year, compared to constant growth in CP. (3) All marked structural differences disappeared by 6:0 suggesting the effects of lip and/or palate surgery. (4) A slight cross-bite was found in UCLP and BCLP, but there was no such cross-bite in CP. (5) The effect of clefting was seen in mandibular dimensions where the bigonial notch was slightly broader than in non-cleft averages. (6) Upper facial height occlusal height, and posterior total facial height in each cleft group seemed to be larger than the Standard, though both maxillary height and gonial notch height approximated the Standard by 6:0 (7) From 0:3-6:0, there was no noteworthy difference among the cleft groups in either growth direction or facial symmetry of upper face and mandible. It was only in the mid-facial and dental areas that notable characteristics peculiar to the type of cleft were found. The landmarks of nasal aperture, maxilla, and dental arch showed a slight medial displacement on the affected side, although the degree and amount depended on the cleft-type.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1975

Craniofacial serial dimensions related to age, sex, and cleft-type from six months of age to two years.

The first two postnatal years are a time of rapid craniofacial growth. We selected 30 cleft lip/palate children, each seen at 6, 12, 18, 24 months, at which time lateral X-ray headfilms were taken. There were five boys, five girls, in each of three cleft-types: cleft palate only (CP), unilateral cleft lip/palate (UCLP), and bilateral cleft lip/palate (BCLP). Three dimensions were selected: 1) anterior cranial base (S-N); 2) upper face height (N-Pt.A); 3) maxillary depth (Pt.A-Ptm). All were in the midsagittal plane. This is a repeated measures study on the factor patient age, so that for each combination of sex and cleft-type the same subject was measured at the four levels of patient age. The multiple comparison technique utilized was the Newman-Keuls Procedure. There is no significant joint effect in the 6-24 months period. The factors seem to operate singly. There is no main effect due to the factor sex. Dimensions N-Pt.A. and Pt.A-Ptm show a significant main effect due to the factor cleft-type. There is a highly significant main effect due to the patient age factor.

Age Factors↗