Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to W Markus.
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An X-ray of the hand is an important method in forensic science for estimation of the age of juvenile suspects with uncertain date of birth. Relevant X-ray standards for evaluation of skeletal maturity are available for white US Americans as well as for North and Central Europeans. The applicability of these standards to members of ethnic groups different from the reference population has been the subject of controversial discussion. More than 80 publications were analysed with the view to finding out whether skeletal maturation is affected by ethnic identity. It was concluded that skeletal maturation takes place in phases which are identically defined for all ethnic groups. Time-related differences in passing those stages of skeletal maturation within the relevant age group appear to be unaffected by ethnic identity. It is the socioeconomic status of a given population which is of decisive importance to the rate of ossification. The application of X-ray standards to individuals of a socio-economic status lower than that of the reference population usually leads to underestimation of that person's age. In terms of criminal responsibility, this is of no adverse effect on the person concerned.
The concentration of sulfadimidine was measured in the urine of pigs which were housed (over five days) in boxes where other pigs have been treated orally with sulfadimidine before. Sulfadimidine was measured in the urine of the unmedicated pigs in a concentration of up to 4 micrograms/ml. Considering these urine concentrations, violative sulfadimidine tissue residues would be expectable in the carcass after slaughter. The practice of fixing withdrawal times must be considered again to ensure that drug residues in tissues are below the MRL before slaughter also in unmedicated animals.
This procedure was developed as an overall benzodiazepine confirmation scheme and includes the detection of the most important urinary analytes encountered by clinical toxicology laboratories in North America: alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, alpha-hydroxytriazolam, 2-hydroxyethylflurazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, and lorazepam. Desmethyldiazepam (nordiazepam) was not targeted because it is metabolized to oxazepam. This procedure takes advantage of beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis for analysis of intact benzodiazepine molecules, oxazepam-2H5 as an internal standard, a newly developed extraction solvent, and a silylating moiety that may be more sensitive than trimethylsilyl (-TMS) derivatives, the tertbutyldimethylsilyl (-TBDMS) derivative. For all compounds the extraction efficiency was greater than 90% and the limit of quantitation (LOQ at a S/N of 10) was less than 10 ng/mL. Coefficients of variation for a 200-ng/mL control were less than 5% and less than or equal to 11% for within-run and between-run trials, respectively. Of 13 human specimens screened by EMIT and most with self-reported histories, alpha-hydroxyalprazolam was found in seven (range 49-1264 ng/mL), oxazepam was found in five (72-3897 ng/mL), and lorazepam (476 ng/mL), 2-hydroxyethylflurazepam (2301 ng/mL), and alpha-hydroxytriazolam (106 ng/mL) in one each.
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