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Biomedical subjects

W R Martin

Publications and source records attributed to W R Martin.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Schistosomiasis japonica in Barrio San Antonio, Basey, Samar in the Philippines. IV. "Atypical" precipitates in the circumoval precipitin test--a reaction of recent infection.

Morphologically distinct circumoval precipitin reactions, not having the usual "segmented" appearance, are characteristic of recently acquired infection of man with Schistosoma japonicum. In contrast to the precipitins seen in plasma of those with chronic infections, reactions of recent infection (RRI) are commonly, large, vacuolated blebs or, if elongate, are smooth and vacuolated in structure. Recognition of these RRI provides a practical, simple method to study incidence of infection and the techniques used are readily accepted by children in primary school grades.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Tolerance to and physical dependence on N-allylnormetazocine (NANM) in chronic spinal dogs.

Six female chronic spinal dogs were administered N-allylnormetazocine (NANM) chronically by the intravenous route starting at 0.3 mg/kg/day. The dose was escalated to a stabilization dose of 10 mg/kg/day. The dogs became tolerant to NANM's ability to produce canine delirium and its anorexigenic and respiratory stimulant effects. Naltrexone increased the amplitude of the flexor reflex and pulse rate in the body temperature, pupillary constriction, bradycardia and tachypnea. Appetite was decreased and weight was lost. These data indicate that chronic administration of NANM produces tolerance and a unique type of physical dependence. Some changes produced by chronically administered NANM were naltrexone antagonizable, others were not suggesting that NANM may have several mechanisms of action.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

History and development of mixed opioid agonists, partial agonists and antagonists.

1 A brief history of the development of narcotic antagonists is outlined. 2 The clinical and pharmacological observations leading to the discovery of dualism of opiate receptors are reviewed. 3 An extension of this theory to a three-receptor model (mu, kappa and sigma) is required to rationalize the pharmacology of the antagonists analgesics cyclazocine, pentazocine and nalorphine. 4 The methodologies available for the study of compounds with dual agonist-antagonist activity are discussed in the light of the above receptor multiplicity, and data appertaining to the kappa-partial agonist, nalorphine and the mu-partial agonist buprenorphine are outlined.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

LSD and tryptamine effects on sleep/wakefulness and electrocorticogram patterns in intact cats.

Effects of intravenous infusions of LSD (3.75, 7.5, 15 microgram/kg over 5 min; crossover N = 4) and tryptamine (0.04, 0.08, 0.12 mg/kg/min for 150 min; crossover N = 6) were compared to saline in intact cats through observation of five sleep/waking patterns. Electrocorticogram (ECoG) was analyzed for frequency band indices and mean amplitude and frequency. LSD increases wakefulness and drowsiness and decreases spindle sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during the first 75 min (period 1). The increase in active wakefulness and decrease in REM sleep persist during period 2, with an increase in spindle sleep thereafter. LSD increases delta index and ECoG amplitude, with a decrease in ECoG frequency; these effects peaked in period 2. Tryptamine increases wakefulness and drowsiness during period 1, with decreases in spindle sleep and REM sleep. The increase in quiet wakefulness and decrease in REM sleep persist during period 2, but no significant tryptamine effect is seen in sleep/waking patterns after infusion ceases. ECoG frequency increases during tryptamine infusion (periods 1 and 2), while ECoG amplitude increases during periods 2 and 3. Thus LSD and tryptamine both increase wakefulness, decrease spindle sleep, and decrease REM sleep.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Single dose and cross tolerance studies of beta-phenethylamine, d-amphetamine and LSD in the chronic spinal dog.

The effects of beta-phenethylamine (PEA), d-amphetamine and LSD were studied on spinal reflexes, autonomic signs, and behavior in the non-tolerant and LSD tolerant (30 microgram/kg/day) chronic spinal dog. LSD (10 microgram/kg) facilitated the flexor reflex, produced the stepping reflex, increased respiration, pulse rate and temperature, slightly dilated pupils and produced whining, tracking and restlessness. Direct tolerance developed to all of these effects except temperature. PEA (0.8 mg/kg/min infused for 12 min) and amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg) facilitated the flexor reflex, increased respiration, temperature and the skin twitch reflex latency, caused a marked mydriasis, retracted the nictitating membrane and produced restlessness and stereotypic head movements. PEA but not amphetamine elicited stepping, and only amphetamine consistently slowed heart rate. No cross tolerance to the physiologic or behavioral effects of amphetamine was observed. Partial tolerance developed only to the actions of PEA on the stepping reflex and the nictitating membrane. The single dose effects and the lack of cross tolerance to amphetamine and PEA suggest modes of action different from LSD. PEA has some actions which differ from those of amphetamine.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1978

The identification of LSD-like hallucinogens using the chronic spinal dog.

The effects of several indoleamines and phenethylamines were studied in the chronic spinal dog and compared with two standard drugs, LSD and amphetamine. In the nontolerant chronic spinal dog, their effects on a variety of physiologic and behavioral functions were measured in untreated dogs, as well as dogs treated with certain antagonists. The effects of the antagonists phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine on the various physiologic effects were studied for all drugs. For some idoleamines and phenethylamines, the effects of chlorpromazine and pimozide were also studied. Indoleamines and phenethylamines in the LSD-tolerant chronic spinal dog and their anorexigenic effects in the intact dog were also studied. The results of these studies indicate that psilocin, mescaline, dimethyltryptamine and tryptamine are LSD-like drugs. DOM, DOB, DMA, and TMA are predominantly LSD-like drugs but do have some amphetamine-like action. PMA and PEA are predominantly amphetamine-like drugs with some LSD-like activity. MMDA and MDA have a more complicated pharmacology showing proerties that resemble LSD and amphetamine, but they have other actions which are not shared by either LSD or amphetamine, which suggests they have yet other modes of action.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The pharmacology of thebaine in the chronic spinal dog.

The effects of thebaine were studied in nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dogs as well as in chronic spinal dogs receiving thebaine chronically. Thebaine did not produce any morphine-like effects in nondependent dogs nor did it precipitate an abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent dogs. Large doses of naltrexone precipitated a mild abstinence syndrome in dogs receiving thebaine chronically; however, no withdrawal abstinence syndrome was observed after abrupt withdrawal. Thebaine is not a morphine-like drug, nor does it produce appreciable physical dependence in the dog.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A pharmacological comparison of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine and LSD in the dog.

3-Methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA), which has been reported to have hallucinogenic actions in man, was compared to LSD in single dose, antagonist interaction, cross-tolerance and appetite suppression studie in the dog. In single doses, MMDA partially resembled LSD: both facilitated the flexor reflex and produced tachypnea, hyperthermia, and analgesia; however, MMDA had greater activity than LSD in producing mydriasis. Only LSD consistently elicited the stepping reflex and produced tachycardia. In both the interaction studies and cross-tolerance studies in LSD-tolerant dogs the effects of MMDA were generally not like those of LSD, except for its spinal cord facilitatory effect. Cyproheptadine antagonized most of the effects of LSD but only the facilitatory effect of MMDA on the flexor reflex. On the other hand, phenoxybenzamine antagonized the mydriasis, analgesia, and hyperthermia caused by MMDA but not LSD. Cross-tolerance to MMDA developed only to its effects on the flexor and skin twitch reflexes. In intact dogs, the anorexigenic potency of MMDA was 16 times less than that of d-amphetamine. It is concluded that MMDA has primarily amphetamine-like activity with some LSD-like actions.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
PubMed1978

Measurement of psychopathy as a state.

It was hypothesized that psychopathic states could be measured by systematically changing items in psychopathy scales so as to suggest current feelings, thoughts, motives, and actions. The scales chosen for revision were the Psychopathic Deviate, Mania, and Antisocial scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); Responsibility and Socialization scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI); and Psychopathy scale from the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). Male alcoholics (N = 53) and opiate addicts (N = 28) exemplifying psychopaths were compared with normals (N = 54) on each of the above scales. Alcoholics and opiate addicts were significantly higher on the total of the psychopathic scales and each of the above state scales except for Mania. Reliability was significant on all scales except the Antisocial scale. Also, 58% of 560 items differentiated these groups from normals.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A pharmacologic comparison of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and LSD in the chronic spinal dog.

MDA (2.0 and 2.2 mg/kg) was compared to LSD (10 microgram/kg) and d-amphetamine (3.2 mg/kg) in single dose, antagonism, cross tolerance and appetite suppression studies. In single doses MDA specifically resembled d-amphetamine by producing marked mydriasis, nictitating membrane retraction, stereotypy and darting eye movements and LSD by markedly facilitating the flex or reflex, producing continuous stepping, whining and eye tracking movements. LSD and MDA increased respiration, body temperature and the latency of the skin twitch reflex and produced behavioral arousal. Cyproheptadine antagonized the effects of LSD but was ineffective against MDA. Phenoxybenzamine antagonized the respiratory, pupillary and hyperthermic effects of MDA and the respiratory effect of LSD. Chlorpromazine antagonized many of the effects of LSD and MDA. Spinal dogs were made tolerant to the behavioral and physiologic effects of LSD. Cross tolerance developed to some but not all of the effects of MDA. In intact dogs MDA was 1/10 as potent as d-amphetamine in suppressing appetite. It is concluded that MDA has properties resembling both LSD and amphetamine.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
PubMed1977

Responses of the flexor reflex to LSD, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, methoxamine, and d-amphetamine in acute and chronic spinal rats.

The flexor reflex of acute (40-48 h after mid-thoracic spinal transection) and chronic (at least 2 months after transection) spinal rats was evoked by tetanic electrical stimulation of both hindfeet and recorded on a polygraph using a transducer connected to the left hindfoot. The flexor reflex in the chronic spinal rat was more responsive to electrical stimulation and to the actions of drugs studied than was the flexor reflex in the acute spinal rat. In chronic spinal rats, d-amphetamine, methoxamine, LSD, tryptamine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) facilitated the flexor reflex and induced spontaneous movements. These facilitative effects were seen in acute spinal rats only when much larger i.p. doses of amphetamine, methoxamine, and LSD were used. Small i.v. doses of tryptamine also produced the facilitation. The facilitation caused by LSD and tryptamine, but not 5-HTP, in chronic spinal rats was antagonized by cyproheptadine. These observations suggest that chronic spinal rats were more sensitive to the drugs than acute spinal rats and support the hypothesis that the mode of action of LSD is similar to that of tryptamine but different from that of 5-HTP since cyproheptadine antagonized the facilitative effects of LSD and tryptamine but not those of 5-HTP.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗